Lexical Borrowing Lectures 4

1. Lexical BorrowingLectures 4 (The Process & the Product)

2. “The Process & the Product” Loanwords Loanshifts Native creation Haugen (1953)

3. What “Loanwords” “Pure” loanwords: Total morphemic importation of single or compound words; Varying degrees of phonemic substitution “Loanblends”: Combination of native and imported morphemes. Imported stem + native affix Native stem + imported affix Imported stem + native stem The morphemic composition of the loan derives from the external source language

4. What “Loanshifts” “Semantic loans”: Shifts in the semantics of a native word under influence from a foreign word “Loan Translation”: Combination of native morphemes in imitation of foreign pattern the transfer of part of the foreign model and the reproduction of the rest (importation of a foreign morpheme combined with Substitution of a native one).

5. What “Native Creations” “Hybrid creations”: Blends of native and foreign morphemes to express new concepts Innovations based on native patterns, or creative extensions of a foreign pattern, which have no counterparts in the source language

6. The Integration of Loanwords Phonology Morphology Lexical borrowings tend to be adapted in terms of the phonology and morphology of' the recipient language, and become essentially indistinguishable from native items.

7. “Phonological Integration” • The pronunciation of source language is adapted into the phonological system of recipient language. • For instance, English loanwords in Japanese tend to be adapted to Japanese pronunciation as well as its preferred CV syllable structure. • epenthesis (e.g., baseball > besuboru), cluster simplification (sweater > seta), and syllabification of glides (quiz > kuizu).

8. “Phonological Adaptation in Bahasa” (1) by adapting the spelling and the pronunciation; e.g., kamera, mikrofon, sistem. (2) by adapting the spelling and without adapting the pronunciation; e.g., desain, fail, sains. (3) without adapting the spelling but with adapting the pronunciation; e.g., bias, nasal. (4) without adapting the spelling and the pronunciation; e.g., internet, orbit, status-quo.

9. “Morphological Adaptation” • The morpheme of the source language is adapted into the recipient language or the way round. • Borrowed words are treated like native stems of equivalent categorial status, and take the bound morphology and other properties appropriate to the class they are assigned to.

10. “Examples” • French borrowings Into Dutch; French nouns which refer to males (agent "agent," facteur "postman," etc.) receive masculine gender, while nouns referring to females (danseuse "female dancer," madame"madam") are assigned feminine gender (Treffers­-Daller 1994: 130). • French nouns borrowed into Brussel Dutch, which tend to keep their original gender (either masculine or feminine).

11. “English--Bahasa” • Fauzi (2009) remarksthe morphology adaptation is in the form of suffix –nyasuch as treatment-nya(its treatment), dress-nya(her dress), whereas in verbs there are some varied Bahasa bound morphemes such as di-, me(m)(n)(ng)-, and ber, e.g., dicharge (be charged), mem-backup (to back-up), mereset (to re-set), menghighlight(to highlight), mendeliver(to deliver), ber-track (to have track) etc.

12. “Creative process of adaptation” • The integration of loan items into the morphological structure of the recipient language can also involve creative processes of adaptation. • Borrowed items are manipulated so that they conform to the structural and semantic rules of the recipient language.

13. “Example: Japanese” • In Japanese, English loans are treated as uninflected nouns or stems which can be converted to other classes by the addition of suffixes or a helping verb (Loveday 1996: 118). • Borrowed nouns may be converted into adjectives (or adjectival nouns) by attaching the suffix -na (e.g., romanchikku-na"romantic") or into adverbs via affixation of -ni (e.g., romanchikku-ni"romantically"). • Borrowed nouns may also be converted for use as verbs by adding the dummy verb suru"do, make," for example sainsuru"sign," enjoisuru"enjoy," etc. These strategies conform fully to Japanese patterns of derivation.

14. “Example: Bahasa” • English nounsor stems can be converted to other classes by the addition of suffixes or a helping verb (Fauzi, 2009; cf. Loveday 1996). • nouns may be converted into verbs by attaching the suffix me(ng)- (e.g., meng-highlight“to highlight“– meng-cover “to cover”), etc. • Adjectives may be converted into adverbs by attaching the wordsekali following the adjective (e.g., tired sekali“very tired“ – cute sekali “very cute” ), etc.

15. “Muysken’s term of adaptation” Muysken (2000) termed this kind of adaptation as ‘relexification’ where a process of grammatical restructuring between two languages including affixes from one language and lexical roots from the other language.

16. The model in Relexification

17. “Impact of lexical borrowingon morphology” The borrowings from French had some impact on English morphology, particularly on derivational processes. For instance, the adjective-forming suffix -able, introduced along with loans like equatable, legible, portable, etc., was soon extended to native stems to yield words like speakable, knowable, etc., and has become very productive. In Bahasa, suffix –isasi derived from Dutch –atie and English –ation was extended to lexicalize papanisasi, semenisasi, hutanisasi, etc.

18. Conclusion Lexical borrowingslead to innovations in the lexicon of the recipient language. Lexical borrowings are integrated in varying degrees into the phonology, morphology, and syntax of the borrowing language. Lexical borrowing must be seen as just one aspect of a creative process. This process not only adds to the lexicon, but also enriches its potential for further expansion.

19. Thank you