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Lexical Borrowing Lectures 3

Lexical Borrowing Lectures 3 . iwanfauzi09@yahoo.com. (The Introduction). What borrowing & Why it so. Lexical borrowing is a very common phenomenon of cross-linguistic influence .

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Lexical Borrowing Lectures 3

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  1. Lexical BorrowingLectures 3 iwanfauzi09@yahoo.com (The Introduction)

  2. What borrowing & Why it so • Lexical borrowing is a very common phenomenon of cross-linguistic influence. • there is a continuum ranging from relatively slight lexical borrowing under casual contact to extreme structural borrowing under very intense contact. • Casual contact; Slightly more intense contact; More intense contact; Strong cultural pressure; Very strong cultural pressure.

  3. STAGES Casual contact Slightly more intense contact More intense contact FEATURES Lexical borrowing only Slight structural borrowing; conjunctions and adverbial particles Slightly more structural borrowing; adpositions, derivational affixes Borrowing Scale

  4. STAGES Strong cultural pressure Very strong cultural pressure FEATURES Moderate structural borrowing (major structural features that cause relatively little typological change) Heavy structural borrowing (major structural features that cause significant typological disruption) Source: summarized from Thomason and Kaufman (1988: 74-6)

  5. “Distant” Contact on Borrowing • Lexical borrowing results from only marginal contact with other languages. • Such contact may be due to travel, exploration, or conquest, or it may be due to exposure to the donor language in the mass media, foreign language instruction, and the like. • Another type of "distant" contact is the global avenues of communication such as radio, television, and the internet.

  6. TWO FACTORS “Need” “Prestige” “Social Motivation” The motivations for and extent of lexical borrowing depend on a range of social factors that vary from one contact situation to another. (Weinreich 1953: 56)

  7. Why “Need” • the need to designate new things, persons, places and concepts. • the need to modern­ize and keep abreast of developments in science, technology, etc. • The need to fill gaps in the lexicon, or introduce finer distinctions of meaning not available in native words.

  8. Why “Prestige” • to be fashionable • to be more educated • to be more exclusive in groups

  9. Macro-sociolinguistics Intensity of contact Cultural pressure Language attitude Micro-sociolinguistics Stylistic choices “The Reason” for Lexical Borrowing

  10. Loans that are frequent throughout the community and permanently established as part of native language Loans that are not widely used ‘Estabished’ Borrowing ‘Nonce’ Borrowing “What Exactly Borrowing” Poplack et al. (1988)

  11. The examples in Bahasa Ind: Established borrowing; • asosiasi, piyama, gereja, masjid, kabel, hotel, komputer, gratis, korting, etc. Nonce borrowing; • ending, traveling, by the way, too much, landing, take-off, mobile, wireless, booking, order, etc.

  12. Borrowing phenomena in Indonesia: Three daily news (Kompas, Koran Tempo, MI) during 3 weeks data downloading. 1,041,197 wordsBorrowing 7,687 words 3,538 words:English borrowing Fauzi (2009)

  13. Established vs. Nonce borrowing N = 3,538 words Fauzi (2009)

  14. Conclusion: Language contacts may produce borrowing phenomena. Two factors triger borrowing: Need and Prestige. Two types of borrowing which is so-called established and non-established (nonce) borrowing.

  15. Thank you

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