Modern History of South Africa Main Idea Statements

1. Modern History of South Africa Main Idea Statements • The separation of races was essential to the minority control over South Africa. • Apartheid resulted in the creation of a system of inequality and injustice for the majority of South Africans. • Limited reforms were made to apartheid that had little effect on the lives of the majority of South African. • Limited political and social reforms in South Africa resulted in Non-White African resistance to white repression. (being kept down by force) • South Africa is making strides to dismantle the legacy of apartheid as well as working towards a more positive future through government reform.

2. Closure A fundamental CAUSE of apartheid was….. A major EFFECT of apartheid was/is….

3. World Revolution DVD Intro to Imperialism 7:00 minutes

4. South AfricaUse World Revolutions: South Africa DVD

5. Bantu Migration 6th Century

6. Bantu Migration

7. Brief History of South Africa • 1652: The Dutch arrived on the southern coast and established Cape Town • Boers: • Dutch for farmer • Afrikaners: • white Dutch descendants of South Africa • Afrikaans: • language

8. European settlement of South Africa began with the arrival of Dutch commander Jan van Riebeeck and his 90 men, who landed in 1652 at the Cape of Good Hope under instructions by the Dutch East India Company to build a fort and develop a vegetable garden for the benefit of ships on the Eastern trade route

10. Brief History of South Africa • 1815: The British took over the Dutch colony. The Boers resented the British and wanted their independence

11. Brief History of South Africa • 1834: The British end slavery in all of their colonies. The Dutch farming economy depends on slaves for labor, so they rebel against the British anti-slavery laws.

12. Brief History of South Africa • 1836: The Boer Trek or Great Trek • Cause: When the British ended slavery, thousands of Boers left the south and headed north • saw as a threat to their way of life • Separatists

13. Great Trek Bantu(Zulu)

15. Brief History of South Africa • Great Trek • Effects: • 1850s: The Boers established independent nations in the north. • Orange Free State & Transvaal • clashed with the Zulu, who had migrated to the same area and owned the best farmland. • the British and Boers defeated the Zulu • Anglo – Zulu War

16. Anglo-Zulu War • Shaka’s successors could not keep power against superior British arms. • In 1879 the Anglo-Zulu War broke out. • Zulus are defeated

17. Shaka’s Military Innovations • iklwa - Short spear was the principal weapon requiring close hand to hand combat. • Large cowhide shield was introduced. • Constant drilling to keep warriors physically fit. • Boys six and over were apprentice warriors who carried rations. They were highly organized. • Impi - Regiments were given various tasks based on the age range of the men making up the regiment. • “Buffalo horn formation” is credited to Shaka.

18. Shaka Reading King of the Zulus

19. Links to Zulu videos Extra History

20. An 1824 sketch of Shaka (1781 - 1828), the great Zulu king, four years before his death. By James King, it is the only known drawing of Shaka In 1879 the Zulu army, under King Cetshwayo, delivered a resounding and humiliating defeat to the armed might of the British Empire at Isandhlwana

21. Shaka Assassinated In 1827, Shaka's mother, Nandi, died, and the Zulu leader lost his mind. In his grief, Shaka had hundreds of Zulus killed, and he outlawed the planting of crops and the use of milk for a year. All women found pregnant were murdered along with their husbands. He sent his army on an extensive military operation, and when they returned exhausted he immediately ordered them out again. On September 22, 1828, his half-brothers murdered Shaka. Dingane, one of the brothers, then became king of the Zulus

22. Transvaal Orange Free State

23. Brief History of South Africa • 1867: Diamonds were discovered in the Boers republic • 1884: Gold was discovered in the Boer republic

24. Brief History of South Africa • 1899-1902: The Boer War • Boers vs. British • Causes • British wanted control of the diamonds and gold. The Boers fought back for their independence. • Effects • ended with the British in control of all of South Africa • 1910: Britain granted self-government to the Union of South Africa

26. The Boer reply was to intensify guerilla war – General Jan Smuts (Boer), who had been Kruger's state attorney, led his troops to within 190 kilometres of Cape Town – and in response Kitchener (British) adopted a scorched-earth policy and set up racially separate civilian concentration camps in which some 26 000 Boer women and children and 14 000 black and mixed race people were to die in appalling conditions.

27. Brief History of South Africa • 1910: Britain granted self-government to the Union of South Africa • Effects: whites controlled the government • only Whites voted • Boers were the majority, they gained control

28. World Revolution DVD Formal Apartheid 6:00

29. 1948: Apartheid • Apartheid began in 1948, under the National Party • Rigid separation of races – forced segregation • Afrikaans: "separateness” • All South Africans were classified: White, Black, Mixed races or Asian (Indians mostly) • White South Africans – 10% • Black South Africans – 79% • Mixed – 9% • Asians – 2%

31. Apartheid Laws • Separate development = justification • Bantustans/Homelands • was a territory set aside for South Africans Blacks • Pass laws • enacted to allowed South African Blacks out of their homelands for work = hated Passbooks • Could not officially live in cities (townships - Soweto) • Bantu Education • designed to ensure under achievement only preparing students for unskilled labor. • No voting for non-whites • Population Registration Act of 1950 • Supported Ethnic divisions everywhere – divided families • Job classification

34. "In 1953 the government passed the Bantu Education Act, which the people didn't want. We didn't want this bad education for our children. This Bantu Education Act was to make sure that our children only learnt things that would make them good for what the government wanted: to work in the factories and so on; they must not learn properly at school like the white children. Our children were to go to school only three hours a day, two shifts of children every day, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, so that more children could get a little bit of learning without government having to spend more money. Hawu! It was a terrible thing that act."

39. Example from Israel

43. Effects of Apartheid • Created a system of inequality and injustice • Guaranteed minority rule • South African Blacks = labor = basis of economy • Divided families

44. World Revolution DVD • Anti Apartheid Movement 13:37-18:00 • 5:00 minutes

45. Brief History of South Africa • 1950s: Opposition to apartheid forms • National and International

46. National Opposition • African National Congress formed 1912 • Defiance Campaign 1952 • Mass Non-violence/ civil disobedience against unjust laws – strikes and boycotts • Spear of the Nation: militant branch • Opposed minority government • Formed first multiracial democratically elected government • NkosiSikelel' iAfrika • The song was the official anthem for the African National Congress during the apartheid era and was a symbol of the anti-apartheid movement – song • Now South Africa National Anthem

47. Defiance Campaign in 1952 The Defiance Campaign in 1952 was the first large-scale, multi-racial political mobilization against apartheid laws under a common leadership – by the African National Congress, South African Indian Congress, and the Coloured People’s Congress. More than 8,000 trained volunteers went to jail for “defying unjust laws,” laws that had grown worse since the National Party came to power in 1948. Volunteers were jailed for failing to carry passes, violating the curfew on Africans, and entering locations and public facilities designated for one race only

48. African National Congress

49. National Opposition • Sharpeville Massacre 1960 • Cause: • Demonstration against passbooks • Effects: • worldwide protests against the South African government, ANC banned, 69 dead • Quote: • It was then that police opened fire, without being given a order to do so. Panic gripped the marches. They immediately tried to flee but were unable to do so, due to the massive crowd surrounding them. Press reports later described the scene, "policeman on top of Saracen armored vehicles swung sten guns in a wide arc, gunning down the crowd. Bodies laid strewn in the road and on the pavement. The wounded fled into backyards and side streets. Children ran like rabbits. One by one the guns stopped". The final toll was 69 dead and 180 had bullet wounds, among them seriously injured.

50. Suddenly I heard chilling cries of "IzweLethu" it sounded mainly like the voices of women. Hands went up in the famous black power salute. That is when the shooting started. We heard the clatter of machine guns one after the other. The protestors thought they were firing blanks or warning shots. One woman was hit about 10 yards away from our car, as she fell to the ground  her companion went back to assist, he thought she had stumbled. Then he tried to pick her up, as he turned her around he saw her chest had been blown away from the hail of bullets. He looked at the blood on his hand and screamed "God she had been shot". Hundreds of kids were running like wild rabbits, some of them were gunned down. Shooting only stopped when no living protestor was in sight".