The winter solstice occurs on _______________________

1. The winter solstice occurs on _______________________ North Pole sun

2. Winter Solstice • December 21 • Sun rises south of east • Sun sets south of west • Sun’s altitude is lowest of year (longest shadows) • Vertical rays (90*) at Tropic of Capricorn (23.5*S) • NYS 9 hrs of daylight/North Pole=0

3. The summer solstice occurs on______________________ North Pole sun

4. Summer Solstice • June 21 • Sunrises north of east • Sunsets north of west • Sun’s altitude highest of year (shortest shadows) • Vertical rays(90*) at Tropic of Cancer (23.5*N) • NYS gets 16 hrs of daylight/North Pole=24

5. The equinoxes occur on_________ & ___________ North Pole sun North Pole

6. Equinoxes • March 21 & Sept 21 • Sun rises due east • Sun sets due west • Vertical rays (90*) at the equator • 12 hours of daylight & 12 hours of nighttime everywhere on Earth

7. The true shape of the Earth is an

8. Oblate sphere Slightly flat at poles Bulges slightly at equator

9. The best evidence for the roundness of the Earth is

10. Photos from space

11. Other evidence of roundness • Ships that appear to sink as they move over the horizon • Polaris gets higher in the sky as you go north and lower as you move south • Earth’s shadow on the moon during a lunar eclipse

12. The Earth appears to be

13. Perfectly round

14. The driving force behind plate tectonics is

15. Convection currents in the mantle

16. Convection currents are also found in the atmosphere and in bodies of water water atmosphere

17. The youngest rocks are found at _____ and the older rocks are found near the ______

18. The youngest rocks are at or near the mid-ocean ridge since new crust is being formed here. • The older rocks are found closer to the edge of the continents. Picture of mid-ocean ridge in Iceland.

19. The weather associated with a high pressure system is

20. Clear, cool and dry (fair)

21. The circulation in a high pressure system (in northern hemisphere) is

22. Clockwise and outward

23. The weather associated with a low pressure system is

24. Cloudy, rainy and warm

25. The circulation in a low pressure system (in northern hemisphere) is

26. Counterclockwise and inward

27. How many seismograph stations are needed to find the epicenter?

28. 3

29. The 500 rule says

30. If over 500 add a 9 • If below 500 add a 10 • Don’t forget the decimal and units (mb)

31. Minerals are composed of • atoms

32. Rocks are composed of • minerals

33. Minerals are

34. Naturally occurring • Inorganic • Solids • Have definite chemical composition • Definite crystalline shape (internal arrangement of the atoms)

35. Minerals are grouped by • Chemical composition • The silicon oxygen tetrahedron is the most common and it is pyramid shaped.

36. Physical properties of minerals(luster, cleavage/fracture and hardness) are determined by the

37. Internal arrangement of atoms

38. Rocks are classified by

39. Their origins

40. Sedimentary rocks • Compaction (burial) & cementation

41. Igneous rocks • Melting & solidification of magma or lava

42. Metamorphic rocks • Heat & pressure

43. Intrusive igneous rocks • Form ______ and cool __________

44. Intrusive igneous rocks • Form underground and cool slowly • Large crystal sizes

45. Extrusive igneous rocks • Form at the ________ and cool _______

46. Extrusive igneous rocks • Form at the surface and cool quickly • Small crystals, no crystals or vesicular (gas pockets)

47. Continental crust is made of ___ and ocean crust of _______

48. Continental crust is made of ___ and ocean crust of _______ • Granite (thick) • Basalt (thin)

49. Fossils are found in

50. Fossils are found in • Sedimentary rocks