Proposal for The Foundation Society BENEVECTORAS

1. Proposal for The Foundation SocietyBENEVECTORAS The first space settlement in cycler orbit Grumbo Aerospace Imperial College London 25th April 2055

2. Overall exterior view of the settlement Exterior covered in solar panels Docking hub Structure & Design

3. Orbital location for construction of Benevectoras • The orbital construction point of Benevectoras is lagrangian point 4 (the construction hub of all lagrangian points) due to its many manufacturing operations being carried out there such as: • Spacecraft construction - Needed to build the main infrastructure. • Asteroid Harvesting - The main source of materials. • Materials refining - To purify the mined materials Structure & Design

4. Communication Monitoring Device • For constant communication between Benevectoras, Earth and Mars, a monitoring system will be established based on the primitive feature of logic gates. • If no communication has been made for 7 hours, the emergency device will become activated and will transmit the signals to Earth and Benevectoras. • Satellites will be placed between the orbits and will be covering the Langrangian points. Automation & Robotics

5. Propulsion • NASA’s Ion propulsion system most efficient on fuel consumption and power. • Works by electrically charging, or ionizing, a gas using power from solar panels • Use Xenon gas • System emits ionized gas to propel the spacecraft in the opposite direction. First used in Deep Space 1 (DS1) in 1998 • Ours: bigger but lighter with reduced system complexity, extending lifetime & efficiency • Superior to chemical propulsion systems • Use two thrusters in opposed directions, to move/change velocity without ceasing to rotate, (protects gravity). • Thrusters need placement for all the desired directions of movement. • Minimum expectation: two for control rotation rate, and three to control orbital direction.

6. Overview: Settlement Layout Plants grow on slopes to the side of the city Water vapour condenses to form clouds Central bar 700 m 1000 m Structure & Design 250 m 500 m 700 m Docking hub Band of city supported above water Xenon lamps Band of water around equator Thickness: 5 m 2000 m

7. Overview: Settlement Layout 700 m Structure & Design 60 m Filtration system Struts supporting city Water runs through marsh and coral Body of salt water underneath city Network of pipes for water to/from city

8. Construction process Structure & Design

9. Construction materials • We calculated the thickness of the material based on: • The shielding we needed • The appropriate thickness using the hoop stress formula for a sphere. Stress = Pressure* Radius 2*Thickness Stress = 60,800,000/thickness • Titanium to be mined from lunar regolith by subcontractor, as it can be 10% TiO2 • Refining of titanium oxide to be done on moon by subcontractor • Refined titanium to be launched via mass driver • Build into walls with 20cm RFX1 to shield radiation Structure & Design

10. Construction materials • Infrastructure will be constructed using the materials from the Earth, Moon, Mars and the Asteroid belt. Structure & Design

11. Windows (Space view) • Use of windows in not feasible due to radiation levels. • Light will reflected inside using mirrors. • All radiation will be absorbed by RFX1 Structure & Design

12. Artificial Gravity & Rotation • Provided by rotation where: • g=w2r W=0.01rads-1 • Earth Gravity: 1 rotation = 63.4s • Gradually, throughout the journey, Earth gravity will decrease to Mars gravity(1/3 Earth gravity) • Mars Gravity: 1 rotation = 110s Structure & Design

13. Living Requirements • Liveable conditions are 0.21->1.00 atm, it becomes uncomfortable at <0.5atm. • We will have 0.6 atm of pressure so it won’t be uncomfortable but the greater it is, the more expensive it is. • Based on previous closed system experiments, space requirements are 13.2 million m2 of land. • Living spaces in high gravity zones in a band giving each person ~100m2 plot. Structure & Design

14. Air Supply • Due to the nature of the biosphere, the settlement will only have to be filled with air once, as the whole system recycles it continuously. • The volume of air in the settlement is approximately 3,625,921,521m3, and this volume must be filled in 8 months • Filled at a rate of 175 m3s-1. • Oxygen drawn from the troposphere, to a geostationary filling station 300km up. • The filling station will be attached to strengthened rubber-plastic tubes. One end of each tube will be open to the vacuum of space, with a molecular filter just below. • The filter will let a percentage of the air out into space, and direct the rest (around 50%) into the station. Infrastructure & Human

15. Food production and storage • Fridge spaces: 19,800m3 for 9 months • Cupboards space: 79,200m3 for 9 months • Total space: 99,000m3 for 9 months • Why soil? • Very little effect on the biosphere, little waste compared to hydroponics • Low maintenance • Tried and tested in the 1900s. In biosphere 2-8 people, for two years. From a 2500m2 plot. • Wider range of crops can be grown, due to lack of submersion in water. • Multipurpose robot to reduce labour to minimum- 3 robots • Residents may roam among idle fields Infrastructure & Human

16. Use of interior areas • Biosphere is an analogue of Earth • Some elements were removed • High levels of agriculture based on the Biosphere 2 Infrastructure & Human

17. Interior Usage • Medical: One large building (20,000 m2) to act as a GP clinic as well as for emergencies • Entertainment: Number of facilities, including a cinema, music venue, fitness centre within the education building • Education: One large building (11,750 m2) which serves flexi-education: primary, secondary and university, further education, trades, professional development, hobbies Infrastructure & Human

18. Accommodation • Single; Couples; Family 2 bed; Family 3 bed 24m2(6x4m) 10 single units share 1 kitchen, 1 communal “lounge” area. Studio bedroom (bed, en suite, table/desk, storage) Shwr Couples Unit: 1 bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, storage and lounge - total 45 m2 Family unit: 2 bedrooms, kitchen, “lounge” and storage - total 65 m2 Family unit: 3 bedrooms, kitchen, “lounge” and storage - total 75m2 (includes small building services area and access panels per unit) Infrastructure & Human

19. Psychological Considerations • Education system will help people transitioning from Earth to their new environment • Housing relies on family size factors, viewed as fair compared to other factors • Recreational facilities will greatly help society to transition into their new home • Parks 150,000m2 park with bandstands and an Eden project style building with plants from Earth to remind residents of Earth. Infrastructure & Human

20. Day and night cycle provisions • At the centre of our space station we would have a 100MW red lamp that will generate red spectrum light for the plants around the inside surface. • Around the towns, we would install smaller 20MW lamps that emit ‘white’ light to simulate daylight. This will prevent ‘seasonal affective’ disorder in humans. • Heat will be generated by the 100MW red lamp and by photosynthesising plants and respiring organisms. The heat will be conserved by the space station’s insulating. Infrastructure & Human

21. Water • Required volume of water = 1km³ • Vulture Aviation owns a virtually inexhaustible supply of water having ‘snagged’ a comet into L5 orbit. • Buying surplus water also allows us to create oxygen through electrolysis. • Sewage/waste is pumped out of the city and into pipelines. • Waste carried to treatment centres outside the city. • Purified water is pumped out to the farmlands or back into the sea to be filtered through coral before returning to the city’s pipes. Infrastructure & Human

22. Water Treatment • Water treatment is a three stage process: • Primary – water from the city is pumped into a series of still pools and screens, scum rises to the surface and solids sink as the water settles. This removes 50% of solids + organic materials/bacteria – solids + scum can be recycled as fertilizer Infrastructure & Human

23. Water Treatment • Secondary – sand filtration – water is then passed through sand beds (3.6m wide, 4.0m long and 1m deep. As the water passes through particles are removed by direct collision, Van der Waals forces and surface charge attraction. The purified water is then sent for tertiary treatment • Tertiary – ions such as phosphorus are removed by chemical precipitation. Ferric Chloride + NaOH are added. The positively charged metal ions combine with colloid particles, neutralizing their charge. These particles no longer repel each other, and so coagulate to form large particles. Infrastructure & Human These will be filtered out by the coral reefs under the city.Water for crop irrigation is removed after tertiary treatments and piped to the farmlands.

24. Power Supply & Lighting • All solar powered • 10,000,000m2 of panelling on sphere exterior • 50,600,000 x .18m2 panels • 640MW in Earth orbit • 300MW in Mars orbit • Constant 100MW output specifically for farmland • Red light for agricultural areas, less intense than sun but using GM plants designed to cope with lower light levels. • Reflected light to be utilised as well. • Human comfort needs addition of 20MW for “white light” Structure & Design

25. Transport • Transport of materials in space will be done by Grumbo Jumbos • Basic logistics will be done by robots communicating • On the interior, robots will control trains. Infrastructure & Human

26. Network Systems • Open system which all computers and devices access and share data with. • All users/personnel on the network use an ID card type system to log in to terminals and other such devices. • OLED technology provides flexible low-energy screens • Each person on the settlement a portable touch screen computer that can connect to the network. • Network access from any location, for remote operation etc. via an ‘oyster card’ style system. • Passengers would not have access to robot controls or administration functions. Automation & Robotics • Residents’ security clearance depends on jobs • Several backups of all data in multiple data-centres in case of emergency.

27. The Network • Computers are located throughout the settlement: • In all buildings • By airlocks, transport and administration areas etc. • In farmland to monitor robots • The neural network with its many sensors will constantly monitor the hull strength, oxygen and water levels • For high security data, there will be iris recognition as well as ID cards Automation & Robotics

28. Communication systems Automation & Robotics

29. Technologies involved in communication Automation & Robotics

30. Automation design and services • The Robots are utilised both outside and inside the ship • The robots will be stored within the ship and transported to where they need to be by rail • We will send 100 robots up who will mine and build a factory which will make other construction robots • While in space, we will use long range wi-fi to give a network while the ship is under construction Automation & Robotics

31. Docking facilities 150 m Docking hub • The dock is a large, sealed • 1,219,200m2 (enough to fit Grumbo Jumbos of 610m in length and passengers) • Ships are clamped in place as the box is closed, sealed and filled with air. • Passengers leave in ‘zero-g’ using wall-handles for stability. • Exit at poles in lifts travelling the city. 700 m 500 m To storage 50 m Structure & Design 50 m Elevators to city

32. Space suits

33. GANTT Chart for building activities

34. Timescale • Building Factory to build robots – takes 8 months due to the extensive processes involved in the building process, as well as the fact that there would be relatively few robots to build it • There is a huge amount of raw materials, and hence, even with large numbers of robots, this will take time • The building of the core, band and hull happen simultaneously, however, the hull is much larger so will take a longer time. Nothing else can happen at this point as the rest of the process relies on the framework being in place • Building the air systems is a very complicated process, and will therefore take time • Pressure testing is necessary to ensure the hull is safe • Attaching solar panels will be performed by Dougeldyne Astrophysics, greatly reducing the expected time

35. Timescale • Building the water facilities is a specialist task and one that will take a long time. Some humans may need to be involved in the intricacies of the system • The rotation then begins, as the rest of the build will occur in gravity • The infrastructure is then installed to allow the building process to begin • The various building projects begin. Time scale depends on project size • Systems testing then takes place during agriculture beginning . This ensures that the system is completely functional and habitable • The landscaping of agriculture then begins - it takes time as there is a large amount to do. • The break is to allow the agriculture to fully grow, before it becomes habitable

36. Cost