SQL SERVER TUTORIALS

1. KAASHIV INFOTECH The Asia, India, Tamil Nadu Book Of Record Holders SQL SERVER –Booklet 12 - Gives you the interview tips in SQL Server SQL SERVER Interview Questions-2014

2. KAASHIV INFOTECH Welcomes you to the Expert Voice Corner Mr.J.VenkatesanPrabu VenkatesanPrabuJayakantham (venkat) has more than 8 years experience in the Microsoft Technologies such as VB.Net, ASP.Net, C#.net, SSIS, SSAS, ADO.Net, etc., He is the Managing Director of KAASHIVINFOTECH (http://www.kaashivinfotech.com/),a software company in Chennai. Before that, he worked in HCL Technologies (India and Australia) for six years as Project Lead. As a service motive, Venkat contributed more than 700 articles which is read by the developers in 170 countries (400 developers per day) (http://venkattechnicalblog.blogspot.com/). Aligned with KaaShiv InfoTech’s mission,he met more than 20,000 young minds and spreaded Microsoft Technologies / Career guidance programs. Venkat won many awards in his career, which includes Prestigious Microsoft MVP (Most Valuable Professional) award for the years 2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013 and won many awards. List of other awards in his career,

3. Microsoft certified Smart .Net Candidate in 2004 • Most valuable member for dotnetspider site in 2007 • HCL SQL Subject Matter expert (SME - SQL Server) for the year (2008,2009) • HCL Special contribution award winner on Dotnet skills for year(2008) HCL SQL Knowledge Champion for the year 2009 • Mind Cracker MVP on SQLServer –2010 for the year 2010,2011 • INETA champion - Gold Member – 2010 for the year 2010 HCL Service Contribution Award for the year 2010 • Leading Lights "Rising Star" award from Common Wealth Bank, Australia for the year 2010 • TECHNICAL CERTIFICATION • Cisco certified Network Associate (CCNA) – 2004 • Microsoft Certified Application Developer (MCAD) – 2005

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my family members for their support and encouragement. Without their support it would be impossible for me to publish this e-book. I would also like to thank my KaaShiv InfoTech team for their support to publish this e-book. DISCLAIMER All rights reserved. No part of this book may be copied, adapted, abridged or stored in any retrieval system, computer system, photographic or other system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the copyright holders. Any breach will entail legal action and permission without further notice.

5. 1. What is Cross Join? A cross join that does not have a WHERE clause produces the Cartesian product of the tables involved in the join. The size of a Cartesian product result set is the number of rows in the first table multiplied by the number of rows in the second table. The common example is when company wants to combine each product with a pricing table to analyze each product at each price. . 2. How do SQL server 2000 and XML linked? Can XML be used to access data?FOR XML (ROW, AUTO, EXPLICIT) You can execute SQL queries against existing relational databases to return results as XML rather than standard rowsets. These queries can be executed directly or from within stored procedures. To retrieve XML results, use the FOR XML clause of the SELECT statement and specify an XML mode of RAW, AUTO, or EXPLICIT. OPENXML OPENXML is a Transact-SQL keyword that provides a relational/rowset view over an in-memory XML document. OPENXML is a rowset provider similar to a table or a view. OPENXML provides a way to access XML data within the Transact-SQL context by transferring data from an XML document into the relational tables. Thus, OPENXML allows you to manage an XML document and its interaction with the relational environment.

6. 3.What command do we use to rename a db? sp_renamedb ‘oldname’ , ‘newname’ If someone is using db it will not accept sp_renmaedb. In that case first bring db to single user using sp_dboptions. Use sp_renamedb to rename database. Use sp_dboptions to bring database to multi user mode. • 4. What are the different types of replication? Explain.The SQL Server 2000-supported replication types are as follows: • Transactional • Snapshot • Merge • Snapshot replication distributes data exactly as it appears at a specific moment in time and does not monitor for updates to the data. Snapshot replication is best used as a method for replicating data those changes infrequently or where the most up-to-date values (low latency) are not a requirement. When synchronization occurs, the entire snapshot is generated and sent to Subscribers. • Transactional replication, an initial snapshot of data is applied at Subscribers, and then when data modifications are made at the Publisher, the individual transactions are captured and propagated to Subscribers. • Merge replication is the process of distributing data from Publisher to Subscribers, allowing the Publisher and Subscribers to make updates while connected or disconnected, and then merging the updates between sites when they are connected.

7. 5. What are the OS services that the SQL Server installation adds?MS SQL SERVER SERVICE, SQL AGENT SERVICE, DTC (Distribution transac co-ordinator) 6. What are three SQL keywords used to change or set someone’s permissions?GRANT, DENY, and REVOKE. 7. What does it mean to have quoted identifier on? What are the implications of having it off? When SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER is ON, identifiers can be delimited by double quotation marks, and literals must be delimited by single quotation marks. When SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER is OFF, identifiers cannot be quoted and must follow all Transact-SQL rules for identifiers. 8. What is the STUFF function and how does it differ from the REPLACE function?  STUFF function to overwrite existing characters. Using this syntax, STUFF(string_expression, start, length, replacement_characters), string_expression is the string that will have characters substituted, start is the starting position, length is the number of characters in the string that are substituted, and replacement_characters are the new characters interjected into the string. REPLACE function to replace existing characters of all occurance. Using this syntax REPLACE(string_expression, search_string, replacement_string), where every incidence of search_string found in the string_expression will be replaced with replacement_string.

8. 9. How many rows are returned by these two select statements?2 and 2Each select statement actually returns 2 rows. You can use this script to check this:create table mytable( id int identity(1,1), mycharvarchar(20))goinsert mytable select nullinsert mytable select ''insert mytable select ' 'goset ansi_nulls onset ansi_null_dflt_on onselect * from mytablewhere mychar is not nullselect * from mytablewhere mychar <> '' and mychar is not nullselect * from mytablewhere mychar <> ' ' and mychar is not nullselect * from mytable where mychar = ''select * from mytable where mychar = ' 'set ansi_null_dflt_on offset ansi_nulls offgodrop table mytable

9. 10. If you run this, what does it return? select applock_mode('public', 'SalesApp', 'Transaction') The type of lock being held by an application that requested it. This command returns the lock mode held by an application that was requested with the sp_getapplock procedure. insert mytable select ''insert mytable select ' 'select * from mytable where mychar = ''select * from mytable where mychar = ' '

10. 11. How will you map objects to a relational database ? How will you map class inheritance to relational data model ? Due to impedance mismatch between object and relational technology you need to understand the process of mapping classes (objects) and their relationships to tables and relationships between them in a database. Classes represent both behavior and data whereas relational database tables just implement data. Database schemas have keys (primary keys to uniquely identify rows and foreign keys to maintain relationships between rows) whereas object schema does not have keys and instead use references to implement relationships to other objects.

11. 12. What is a view ? Why will you use a view? What is an aggregate function ? • View is a precompiled SQL query, which is used to select data from one or more tables. A view is like a table but it doesn’t physically take any space (i.e. not materialized).Views are used for • Providing inherent security by exposing only the data that is needed to be shown to the end user. • Enabling re-use of SQL statements. • Allows changes to the underlying tables to be hidden from clients, aiding maintenance of the database schema (i.e. encapsulation) • Views with multiple joins and filters can dramatically degrade performance because views contain no data and any retrieval needs to be processed. • The solution for this is to use materialized views or create de-normalized tables to store data. This technique is quite handy in overnight batch processes where a large chunk of data needs to be processed. Normalized data can be read and inserted into some temporary denormalized table and processed with efficiency. • 13. What is a database trigger ? • A trigger is a fragment of code that you tell to run before or after a table is modified. There are typically three triggering EVENTS that cause trigger to 'fire': • INSERT event (as a new record is being inserted into the database). • UPDATE event (as a record is being changed). • DELETE event (as a record is being deleted).Triggers can restrict access to specific data, perform logging, or audit access to data.

12. INTERNSHIP IN KAASHIV INFOTECH • -Best internship provider in Chennai • Web Application Designing • Project Documentation • Live Inhouse • Application Development • Windows ADO.NET Application • Template Designing-Live Template Designing, CSS • 14. How can you keep track of all your database changes ? • If you want to keep track of all changes to a particular record, such as who modified the record, what kind of modification took place, and when the record modification occurred then you can use triggers because you can capture every action that occurred on a particular table. For example, an INSERT trigger would fire when a particular database table has a record inserted.  • 15. What is the difference between “Stored Procedure” and “Function”? • A procedure can have both input and output parameters, but a function can only have input parameters. • Inside a procedure we can use DML (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE) statements. But inside a function we can't use DML statements.

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