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Chapter 11. Resources and Energy. A resource is any useful information, material or services. Resources can be described as being: natural resources -goods and services provided by our environment, and
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Chapter 11 Resources and Energy
A resource is any useful information, material or services. Resources can be described as being: • natural resources -goods and services provided by our environment, and • human resources - those provided by humans (experience, skill, wisdom and human enterprise).
Nonrenewable resources (exhaustible resources) • Resources that exist in limited supply and which cannot be replaced once they are used. (May take thousands or even millions of years to form within the Earth). Examples include • fossil fuels and natural gas, • precious metals (gold, silver etc..)
Most natural resources on Earth are finite. That is there is only so much of a resource available on this planet. This applies to both renewable and nonrenewable resources. • 4 trillion barrels of oil, • 10-50 million species of living organisms • 38,874 cubic kilometers of fresh water, • 6 billion humans.
Because many of the resources that we rely on are finite their availability can be greatly impacted by 3 human factors: • population • affluence, and • technology
Population (P) - The number of humans living on Earth using resources.
Affluence (A) - The amount of a resource consumed by an individual (per capita use).
The United States has - • 5% of the world’s population; • uses 25% of the world’s energy; and • accounts for 25% of the world’s Gross National Product.
India has - • 16% of the world’s population; • uses 3% of the world’s energy; and • accounts for 1% of the world’s Gross National Product.
Technology (T) - Affects the rate at which a resource is extracted/used.
The Impact on a resource can therefore be calculated by using the formula I=(P)(A)(T).I= ImpactP=PopulationA=AffluenceT=Technology
These resources are self renewing, and can usually be replaced on a human time-scale. Examples? solar energy air, water (excluding aquifer water supplies), & non-endangered biological organisms. Renewable Resources
Formation of Ores • Most metallic and non metallic elements are found chemically combined forms as minerals in the crust. • Deposits of minerals from which metals and nonmetals can be removed profitably are called ores. • Many ores form in or near a mass of molten magma, so igneous and nearby rocks are often fruitful hunting grounds.
Metals • Shiny luster, ability to conduct heat and electricity, bend easily when in thin sheets. Can occur in pure form as native elements (copper a good example).
Non-metals • Dull surface, poor conductors of heat and electricity.
In Cooling Magma • Dense, metal-bearing minerals form layers on the bottom of the magma chamber.
Contact Metamorphism • Heat and hot fluids flowing from the magma change the surrounding rock. Dissolved minerals form a band of ore around the igneous rock.
Veins • Hot, mineral-bearing solutions break through many small cracks that deposit narrow, finger-like bands.
Lodes • A deposit formed by a large number of mineral veins.
Ores and Moving Water • Streams carry ore fragments until, due to their high density, they are deposited where the currents are weak.
Placer Deposits • These deposits are concentrated at the bottom of stream beds.
Uses of mineral resources • Some metallic ores such as gold, platinum and silver are prized for their beauty and rarity. • Some nonmetallic minerals are gemstones; rare mineral crystals that display extraordinary brilliance and color when specially cut for jewelry. • Other minerals are used for many other industrial purposes.
Uses of Mineral Resources • See table on p. 197 for the most common ores and their uses. • Untapped mineral resources include deposits that could be mined from the ocean floor, but we currently don’t have the technology to do it. Manganese nodules on ocean floor
Mineral Conservation • Increased PAT (population, affluence, and technology) means increased use of mineral resources.
Ways to Preserve Mineral Resources • Through conservation, use of alternative materials, or by recycling.
Assignment 11.1 Key Terms 11.1 Review p. 197, #1-4 11.1 Worksheet Due tomorrow, beginning of period.