CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES

1. CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES • Discuss the development and growth of early societies in the Americas. • Describe the societies of North America, Africa, and Europe around 1492 • Consider the effects of European exploration on Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans.

2. Three Worlds Meet Chapter 1

3. First Americans • Not an exact date • Came from Asia • Ice Age 100,000 years ago • Crossed Bering Strait – Beringia • nomads • 30,000 to 15,000 years ago • Used radiocarbon dating

4. Native Americans • Ancient Americans and their descendants who spread from the Artic Circle to the tip of South America • Settled in different regions • Developed different customs and languages

5. Agricultural Revolution • 9,000 – 10,000 years ago • started in Mesoamerica • Includes central and southern Mexico and Central America • First crops – pumpkins, peppers, squashes, gourds, and beans • Most important crop - maize

6. Results of Agriculture • Ended Nomadic life • Complex governments began to form • America’s first civilization formed

7. Olmecs • First people to build a civilization in America • Emerged 1500-1200 B.C. • Veracruz, Mexico

8. Mayan Culture • 200 A.D. • Yucatan Peninsula, Central America • Complex calendars • Built elaborate temples • Not unified because of wars

9. Toltecs • Master architects • Built large pyramids and huge palaces • Renamed Aztecs

10. Inca • South America – 1200 B.C. • Most prominent • Empire was 2,500 miles along mountains and coast • Invented glyph writing – used symbols or images

11. Native Americans • Developed in response to their environments

12. Ancient Desert Farmers • Hohokam – central Arizona • Anasazi – Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico

13. Mound Builders • Adena • Hopewell • Mississippians • Known for huge burial mounds filled with treasures or crafted objects

14. California • Lived in small groups • Farmed • Dependant on corn because of dry soil • Young boys joined kachina cult (good spirit that brought messages from God)

15. Northwest Coast • Fished • Used lumber from coast to build homes, canoes, art, totem poles

16. Southwest • Before 1500s – farmers • After 1500s – became nomads b/c of drought or war • Followed the buffalo • Built tepees • Used horses (brought by Spanish) to hunt or for wars

17. Far North • Called Inuit • Lived from Alaska to Greenland • Use whale oil or blubber for fuel

18. Eastern Woodlands • Hunted, Farmed, and Fished • Deer – used for food and clothing • Spoke 1 of 2 languages • Algonquian • Iroquoian

19. Algonquian • New England, Delaware, Ohio River Valley, and Virginia

20. Iroquonian • New York, Ontario, Georgia Bay

21. Eastern Woodland continued • Used slashed and burn agriculture • Lived in longhouses or wigwams • Made belts called wampum • Formed the Iroqios League to maintain peace

22. Kinship • The network of human relationships created by genealogical connections

23. Clan • A kin group whose members claim a common ancestor

24. Oral History • Used to pass traditions down from one generation to the next by word of mouth

25. Barter • Used to trade one good or service for another good or service without the exchange of money • Never barter or trade land

26. Causes for exploration of New World • Crusades • Desire for new trade routes • Improved navigational skills • Improved method of warfare • God, Gold, and Glory • Religious or Political Freedom

27. Crusades • Christian military expeditions • 11th and 14th centuries • Fought to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims (Turks) • Unsuccessful • Helped to open awareness of world outside Europe

28. Desire for new trade routes • Europeans wanted spices, silks, etc. that soldiers were bringing back from Middle East and Asia • Travel by land was very dangerous • Explorers began looking for sea routes • Portuguese find route around Africa • Spanish look for route across the Atlantic (NW Passage)

29. Marco Polo • Venetian explorer and merchant • Writings of Asia gave Europeans their image of the Far East • Helped to stimulate trade with Asia

30. Economic Improvements • 1000 – better plow and horse collar • Made farming easier • Increase in food helped to revive trade • Towns grew rapidly from 1000 to 1200

31. 3 effects of the revival of trade and growth of cities • Ended feudalism • Revived a money economy • Created a new middle class

32. Improved Navigational skills • Compass • Astrolabe • Caravel – developed by Portugal – used by Columbus in 1492 voyage

33. God, Gold, Glory • Wanted to convert people to Christianity • Wanted to find treasures and wealth • Wanted the fame of successful discovery

34. Religious or Political Freedom • Renaissance • Rebirth of classical learning • Started in 14th century • Encouraged people to read literature like the Bible

35. Religious or Political Freedom • Reformation • Revolt against the Catholic Church in 1517 • Started by Martin Luther • His followers later called Protestants • Inspired others to search for religious freedom

36. West Africa around 1492 • Connected to the world through trade • 1400s Europeans arrived on western coast • Trading networks were established that connected West Africa to the coastal ports of North Africa • Goods were brought across the Sahara • Islam was introduced through trade

37. Portuguese in West Africa • 1400s • 1470 established outposts on western coast near goldfields • Principe • Sao Tome

38. 2 Significant Consequences of West Africans and Portuguese trade • Bypassed the old trade route across the Sahara and pulled the coastal region into a closer relationship with Europe • Started European trade in West African slaves

39. 3African Kingdoms • Songhai • Controlled trans-Saharan trade • Taxed goods that passed through city • Benin • Forests provided protection and resources • Used Niger River to transport goods • Kongo • Rainforests • System of government - 4 million people

40. Portuguese Exploration • First to find sea route to Asia

41. Henry the Navigator • Prince Henry of Portugal • 1419 set up a school for mariners

42. Bartolomeu Dias • 1488 – reached the southern tip of southern Africa • Known as Cape Good Hope

43. Vasco da Gama • 1497 – sailed from Portugal, around Africa, across the Indian Ocean and landed on India’s southwestern coast • Water route to Asia had been found

44. New World Exploration • Fisherman of North Atlantic were probably the first to see North American continent • Not intent of discovery or settlement • Vikings did settle in Iceland and Greenland in the 9th and 10th centuries

45. Leif Ericsson • Leif the Lucky • 1000 A.D. led expedition that land in Canada on Baffin Island • Named it Vinland • Abandoned settlement

46. Spanish exploration • 1st nation to discover New World • Spanish explorer called - Conquistador

47. Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand • Spanish monarch • Supported Columbus’s voyage to New World

48. Reason Spain supported Columbus • 1. wanted to spread the Catholic religion • 2. wanted to achieve advantage over the other countries in finding a route to Asia from the west (Northwest Passage)

49. Christopher Columbus • From Genoa, Italy • Seaman and geographer • Discovered New World in 1492 • Believed he was in India • Purpose was to find the Northwest Passage

50. Treaty of Tordesillas • Between Spain and Portugal • Divided New World • Spain rule land to the west • Portugal rule land to the east