The Enlightenment Spreads

1. The Enlightenment Spreads Mr. Morris World History

2. Key Terms Ch. 22.3 pg. 636 Salon Baroque Neoclassical Enlightened despot Catherine the Great

3. Setting the Stage • Enlightenment views got those who spoke them in lots of trouble • Despite the possibility of jail or exile, ideas from the Enlightenment spread throughout Europe • These views influenced everything from art to the royalty who ran countries

4. A World of Ideas • During the 1700s, Paris was the capital of Europe • Young people from all over the Continent and from the Americas went their to study • In the living rooms of rich women in Paris, salons were hosted • Many bright and intelligent people met to discuss ideas • These salons helped to spread Enlightenment ideas

5. Diderot’s Encyclopedia • Denis Diderot published a large set of books with a collection of writings from scholars all over Europe called Encyclopedia • Banned by the Catholic Church and the French government • The Encyclopedia spread Enlightenment ideas to literate people all over Europe • Those who liked the ideas were able to buy books and support artists

6. Neoclassical Style Emerges • Prior to the Enlightenment, baroque had been the style of art popular in Europe • Grand, ornate designs • This style began to change under the Enlightenment • Simple style that borrowed from classical Greece and Rome – neoclassical (“new classical”)

7. Changes in Music and Literature • Music had been dominated by dramatic music using organs and choruses • During the Enlightenment, this changed to a much lighter style led by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven • Novels emerged during the Enlightenment • People enjoyed their examination of the characters’ thoughts and feelings • Entertaining, written in everyday language • Many women authored popular novels

8. Enlightenment and Monarchy • Eventually, Enlightenment ideas made it to royal courts • Enlightenment thinkers thought that the best government was run by a monarch who respected the rights of their people • Rulers made changes to their rule but had no plans of giving up any of their power

9. Frederick the Great • Frederick II was king of Prussia • Granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, improved education, reformed the justice system, abolished torture • Believed that serfdom was wrong, but never abolished it – needed support of landowners • Main goal was to serve and strengthen his country – appealed to Enlightenment thinkers

10. Joseph II • Joseph II was king of Austria • Freedom of the press, freedom of worship (Protestants included), abolished serfdom and demanded peasants be paid in cash for their labor • Most nobles did not agree with these changes, and they were reversed after Joseph’s death

11. Catherine the Great • Catherine II ruled Russia – most admired by the Enlightenment thinkers • Formed a commission to develop religious toleration and abolish torture and the death penalty • None of this was ever accomplished by the commission • Eventually implemented limited reforms • Changed after a serf uprising in 1773 • Realized she needed support of nobles to keep her throne, did not abolish serfdom

12. Catherine Expands Russia • After solidifying her power by backing nobles, Catherine looked to make her country bigger • Fought some wars to gain access to water routes • Broke up Poland, took the majority of it into Russia • By the end of Catherine’s reign, Russia was becoming a world power