Food Chain & Food Web

1. Food Chain & Food Web • A food chain shows HOW each living thing gets its food. • A food web consists of several food chains • A food web = multiple food chains

2. PRODUCERS: plants at the bottom of the food chainPRIMARY CONSUMER: eats the producersSECONDARY CONSUMER: eats primary consumerTERTIARY CONSUMER: eats secondary consumer Sun=The source of energy DECOMPOSERS: fungi, bacteria speed up the decaying process of dead animals and plants

3. Test your understanding • What does stability of an ecosystem depends on? (Only address the food chain and food web aspect): • Ans: the stability of its producers and decomposers • Explain why stability of producers and decomposers are important:

4. Illustrate an aquatic food chain and identify producers, various consumer shark algae Zoo plankton fish shark whale phytoplankton fish shark Zoo plankton

5. Phytoplankton/Zooplankton (Plankton), Clams, Whelks, Turtles, and Sharks

6. Phytoplankton/Zooplankton (Plankton), Clams, Whelks, Turtles, and Sharks.  • See the next slides for each part of the food chain.   • Food Chain: Plankton • Plankton include microscopic plant and animal organisms that float or drift in great numbers in the ocean. Plankton are the start of most oceanic food chains. • There are many species of plankton and each has a characteristic shape. Plankton may be phytoplankton (plant-like organisms - producers) or zooplankton (animal-like organisms - consumers). • Loggerhead turtles eat plankton when they are very young and small juveniles. Clams also eat plankton

7. FOOD CHAIN ORDER CARNIVORES LIONS, EAGLES TERTIARY CONSUMERS CARNIVORES WOLVES, SNAKES SECONDARY CONSUMERS PRIMARY CONSUMERS HERBIVORE DEER, BUNNY PRODUCERS PLANTS

8. Categories in food chain

10. What do decomposers eat? remember: decomposers receive energy from all other organisms in an ecosystem • Typically, food webs go like this: CONSUMER(CARNIVORE) CONSUMER(OMNIVORE) CONSUMER(HERBIVORE) DECOMPOSER PRODUCER

11. ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM What is an energy pyramid? What is a trophic level?

12. ENERGY PYRAMIDS • Energy pyramids show the transfer of energy through a food chain • the pyramid is made of levels FISH SNAIL GRASS

13. The further along the food chain you go, the less food (and hence energy) remains available. TROPHIC LEVEL = PYRAMID OF ENERGY Where do producers get their energy from? Which of the above categories has the highest food energy?

14. Why is there less food energy available at the top of the pyramid? • Because most of the energy gets lost into the environment at each link. • 90 % of the energy is lost to the environment as HEAT • 10% of the energy is transferred

15. Energy pyramid

16. 100% A producer receives all the energy in an ecosystem 1% Secondary consumers 10% Primary consumers Producers

17. Secondary Consumers TROPHIC LEVELS • A trophic level is: • a step in the transfer of energy through an ecosystem • a level in an energy pyramid 1 % 10 % Primary Consumers • Different trophic levels: • producer • consumer • primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary 100 % Producers

18. ENERGY PYRAMIDS • Energy is lost with each transfer in a food chain • 90% of the energy available at a level is released to the environment as heat • 10% of the energy is incorporated or used Only about 10% of the energy from a previous level is passed on to the consumer

19. FOOD WEBS • A food web shows all feeding relationships in an ecosystem (made of many food chains)

21. Which one will be impacted most by removing coyote lion hawk coyote rabbit grass

22. Check for understanding • what is the source of energy for producers? • what is the source of energy for primary consumers? • what is the source of energy for decomposers? • omnivores eat both _______ and _______ • herbivores eat ________ • carnivores eat _______________ • bacteria, fungi are examples of __________

23. percent of energy for primary consumers is _______ % • percent of energy for secondary consumers is ________ % • from one link to the other link in a food chain only 10% of the energy is transferred the rest of the energy (the other 90%) is lost as _________. This results in _________ organism at the lower levels and __________ organisms at the higher level

24. population • Population is a group of same species occupying the same area (location) • Or: • A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same species and live in the same geographical area.

25. community • A community is a group of different species (organisms) interacting with each other and sharing (populating) the same location (area) • a community is a group of interacting species sharing a populated environment

26. Ecosystem • A community and its environment • Ecosystem = biotic + abiotic • Ecosystem = community + environment

27. 1. An organism’s niche is what it does • (job or role) in its ecosystem • 2.Niche is how an organism uses its • environment • Organisms with different niches can divide up the environment that they are in

28. HABITAT & NICHE • An organism’shabitatis where it lives (home or natural environment) • examples? • When an organism’s habitat or niche are changed, it can lead toextinction(the local or global disappearance of a species) • niche or habitat competition

29. biodiversity • Watch the biodiversity video

30. Which ecosystem is more biodiverse? Explain your answer • Ecosystem A: has three types of plants and 10 types of consumers • Ecosystem B: has two types of plants and 6 types of consumers • Biodiversity = variety of species + quantity • Ecosystem C: has 20 grass, 10 rabbits, 4 snakes • Ecosystem D: has 50 grass, 20 rabbits, 10 snakes

32. BIODIVERSITY IN ECOSYSTEMS • Biodiversity is: • the sum total of different kinds of organisms • the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem • ∆s (changes) in habitat affect biodiversity • ∆ = effect on biodiversity • e.g. natural disaster = decrease in biodiversity • When an ecosystem has more biodiversity: • it is more stable • It is more resilient

33. P • D BIODIVERSITY IN ECOSYSTEMS • Two types of organisms based on how they obtain energy: • autotrophs – using the sun energy, make their own food • Producers • Do photosynthesis • heterotrophs - get energy from other organisms • decomposers (recyclers of plant/animal waste) • consumers are heterotrophs and are part of the cycle • The stability of an ecosystem depends on the stability of its producers and decomposers. It is very important b/c they produce and recycle organic material

34. DECOMPOSERS • Decomposers recycle organic material through an ecosystem

35. Which ecosystem is more biodiverse? Explain your answer • Ecosystem A: has three types of plants and 10 types of consumers • Ecosystem B: has two types of plants and 6 types of consumers • Biodiversity = variety of species + quantity • Ecosystem C: has 20 grass, 10 rabbits, 4 snakes • Ecosystem D: has 50 grass, 20 rabbits, 10 snakes

36. Consumers • Primary consumers = • Secondary & Tertiary consumers =

37. Mini quiz • what is the benefit of decomposers • how do decomposers benefit the quality of the soil? • the job or role of an organism in the environment is called ________ • how organisms use their environment is called ________

38. organism with different niches can _______ ___ an environment that they are living in. So they can live in the same environment • population is made of _______ • communities are made of different _________ • species, _________, community, ecosystem (environment and the community) • ________, population, community, ecosystem

39. bacteria, fungai are examples of __________ • __________ get their energy directly from the environment and make their food examples are: trees, flowers, algae. • _______ can not make their own food. examples: lions, decomposers, human • sun is the source of _________ • total sum of all kinds of different organisms living in an ecosystem is called ______

40. TYPES OF CONSUMERS • You are what you eat! • Eat herbs (plants)? You’re an herbivore. • Herbivores are consumers that eat only producers • Eat carne (meat)? You’re a carnivore. • Carnivores are consumers that eat only consumers • Eat everything (plants + meat)? You’re an omnivore. • Omnivores are consumers that eat producers and consumers

41. FOOD CHAINS & WEBS What are food chains and food webs? How does energy move through an ecosystem? What is an organism’s habitat and niche?

42. FOOD CHAINS • A food chain is a sequence of energy transfer from one organism to another • energy flows from producers to consumers • arrows follow the energy (from what is eaten to what is eating)

44. FOOD WEBS • A food web shows all feeding relationships in an ecosystem (made of many food chains)

45. FOOD WEBS remember: decomposers receive energy from all other organisms in an ecosystem • Typically, food webs go like this: CONSUMER(CARNIVORE) CONSUMER(OMNIVORE) CONSUMER(HERBIVORE) DECOMPOSER PRODUCER

46. FOOD CHAINS AND WEBS • Practice! Draw a food chain that includes the following organisms: • grasshopper • mouse • grass • owl CONSUMER(CARNIVORE) END OF NOTES (DAY 2) CONSUMER(CARNIVORE) CONSUMER(HERBIVORE) • Now label the organisms as producers, consumers (which type?), or decomposers PRODUCER

47. ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM What is an energy pyramid? What is a trophic level?

48. ENERGY PYRAMIDS • Energy pyramids show the transfer of energy through a food chain • the pyramid is made of levels FISH SNAIL GRASS

49. ENERGY PYRAMIDS • Energy is lost with each transfer in a food chain • ~90% of the energy available at a level is released to the environment as heat • ~10% of the energy is incorporated or used Only about 10% of the energy from a previous level is passed on to the consumer 100,000 J

50. ENERGY PYRAMIDS • The energy pyramid is shaped that way to show: • producers form the base of the pyramid • there are fewer organisms at the top and there is less energy at the top • there are more organisms and energy at the bottom 0.1 % 1 % 10 % 100 %