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Farm Management. Chapter 19 Capital and the Use of Credit. Chapter Outline. Economics of Capital Use Sources of Capital Types of Loans The Cost of Borrowing Sources of Loan Funds Establishing and Developing Credit Liquidity Solvency. Chapter Objectives.
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Farm Management Chapter 19 Capital and the Use of Credit
Chapter Outline • Economics of Capital Use • Sources of Capital • Types of Loans • The Cost of Borrowing • Sources of Loan Funds • Establishing and Developing Credit • Liquidity • Solvency
Chapter Objectives • Point out the importance of capital in agriculture • Illustrate the optimal use and allocation of capital • Compare different sources of capital and credit • Describe different types of loans • Show how to set up repayment plans • Explain how to develop credit worthiness • Examine factors affecting liquidity and solvency
What is Capital? People think of capital as cash, balances in savings and checking accounts, and other liquid funds. Capital also includes money invested in assets. Agriculture has one of the highest ratios of capital to workers in U.S. industries. Many commercial farms have capital investments of over $1,000,000.
Figure 19-1Capital investment in U.S. agriculture Put figure 19-1 here, no title Source: USDA
Credit Credit is the ability to borrow money with a promise to repay the money in the future along with interest for its use.
Economics of Capital Use • How much total capital should be used? • How should limited capital be allocated among its many potential uses?
Total Capital Use When unlimited capital is available, the question is how much in total to use. In chapter 7, the concept of using an input until its marginal value product (MVP) equals its marginal input cost (MIC) was explained. The same concept applies to capital.
MVP and MIC of Capital The MVP of capital is the additional net return, before interest payments, that results from an additional capital expenditure. The MIC of capital is 1 +i, where i is the interest rate on borrowed funds.
Figure 19-2 Using marginal principles to determine optimal capital use
Allocation of Limited Capital In chapter 7, the equal marginal principal was presented as the decision-making rule for allocating a limited resource. The use of this rule means limited capital should be allocated among competing uses so that the MVP of the last dollar used is the same in all uses.
Sources of Capital • Owner equity • Outside equity • Leasing • Contracting • Credit
Figure 19-3Total U.S. farm debt by type Put figure 19-3 here, no title Source: USDA
Types of Loans • Loans classified by length of repayment • Loans classified by use • Loans classified by type of security • Loans classified by repayment plan
Length of Repayment • Short-term loans: loans used to purchase inputs needed to operate through the current production cycle, due at end of cycle • Intermediate-term loans: length of loan more than 1 year but less than 10 years, usually for purchase of intermediate assets • Long-term loans: A loan with a term of 10 years or longer, usually for the purchase of land
Use • Real estate loans: loans for the purchase of real estate such as land and buildings, or loans that use real estate as security • Non-real estate loans: all business loans other than real estate loans • Personal loans: non-business loans used to purchase items for family
Security • Secured loans: an asset is mortgaged to provide collateral for the loan • Unsecured loans: the loan is obtained with only a “promise to repay,” also called a “signature loan”
Repayment Plans • Single payment • Line of credit • Amortized: equal total payments • Amortized: equal principal payments • Amortized with balloon Payment
The Cost of Borrowing • True annual percentage rate (APR) should be stated in loan agreement • A way to compare loans is to find the discounted present value (chapter 17) of the series of payments • For a fixed rate loan, total interest payments over the life of the loan are known • In a variable rate loan the interest rate can change
Sources of Loan Funds • Commercial banks • Farm credit system • Life insurance companies • Farm service agency • Individuals and suppliers • Commodity Credit Corporation • Small Business Administration
Figure 19-5Market share of U.S. farm debt Put figure 19-5 here, no title
Establishing and Developing Credit • Personal character • Management ability • Financial position • Repayment capacity • Purpose of loan • Collateral
Liquidity • Business growth • Non-business income and expenses • Loan characteristics • Debt structure Factors affecting liquidity:
Financial Contingency Plan • Maintain savings or stored crops and livestock that can easily be turned to cash • Maintain credit reserve • Prepay debt when possible • Reduce non-farm expenditures or increase non-farm earnings when needed • Carry adequate insurance • Sell off less productive assets to raise $ • Get help from relatives or friends in emergency • Declare bankruptcy and work out repayments
Solvency Solvency refers to the amount of debt relative to equity capital. The debt/asset ratio and other measures of solvency are discussed in chapter 5.
Table 19-4 Illustration of the Principle of Increasing Leverage
Summary Capital includes cash and money invested in assets. Today’s farmers must be skilled in acquiring and using capital. Loans are available from many sources and there are many alternative repayment plans. Loans affect liquidity and solvency.