Civil Rights in America

2. Civil Rights in America • This unit will focus on: African Americans Mexican Americans Women’s Rights Native Americans

3. Progression of Oppression African American Civil Rights Triangular Trade Slavery Civil War 13th Amendment Jim Crow Laws “Separate but Equal” Segregation

4. Early Legislation • 1865 13th Amendment- slavery abolished • Civil Rights Act of 1866- all persons born in the United States have equal rights • 1868 14th Amendment- equal protection of the laws (citizenship for former male slaves) • 1870 15th Amendment- right to vote • 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson- imposed “separate but equal”

5. KKK • Ku Klux Klanis the name of a secret domestic organization in the U.S., originating in the Southern states in the 1800s and eventually having national scope, that are best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hiding behind conical hats, masks and white robes. The KKK has a record of terrorism, violence, and lynching to intimidate, murder, and oppress African Americans, Jews and other minorities.

6. Jim Crow Laws • The Jim Crow Lawswere state and local laws in the U. S. between 1876 and 1965 which mandated segregation in all public facilities, with a "separate but equal" status for black Americans and members of other non-white racial groups. • public schools, places and public transportation • restrooms and restaurants • EVEN the U.S. military was segregated! IDEAL Jim Crow Laws: Segregation and the South 2:33

7. NAACP • TheNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People, most influential civil rights organization in the United States. Established in 1909 to fight the Jim Crow Laws. Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination".

8. Segregation • Segregation: the separation of races

9. Brown v. Board of Education • In 1951, a class action suit was filed against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The plaintiffs were thirteen Topeka parents on behalf of their twenty children. • The suit called for the end of racial segregation in schools. • They contended that segregation perpetuated inferior accommodations, services, and treatment for black Americans • The Supreme Court orderedthat black students be admitted to the white high school due to the substantial harm of segregation and the differences that made the schools separate but not equal.

10. Emmett Till • Fourteen-year-old Chicagoan Emmett Till was visiting family in Mississippi when he is kidnapped, brutally beaten, shot, and dumped in the Tallahatchie River for allegedly whistling at a white woman. Two white men are arrested for the murder and acquitted by an all-white jury. They later boast about committing the murder in a Look magazine interview.

11. Rosa Parks • Rosa Parks - 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, refused to obey the bus drivers order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger.Parks' act of defiance became an important symbol of the modern Civil Rights Movement and Parks became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation. • Parks' action sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

12. Montgomery Bus Boycotts • The Montgomery Bus Boycottwas a protest campaign started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, to oppose the city's policy of segregation on its public transit system. It caused deficits in public transit profits because a large percentage of people who used the public transportation were now boycotting it. • The struggle lasted from December 1, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and U. S. Supreme Court declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses unconstitutional.

13. Desegregation • End of racial separation • Not everyone was happy with the decision • Senator Henry Byrd (D-VA) organized a program to close schools, rather than desegregate

14. Little Rock 9 • The Little Rock Ninewas a group of African-American students who were prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Faubus who called the National Guard to stop the students from entering Little Rock High School. • Eisenhower sent additional troops to Arkansas for protection. • Arkansas Governor shut down the schools for one whole school year afterwards in retaliation.

15. Other Protests • Freedom Rides- Student volunteers begin taking bus trips through the South to test out new laws in 1961 • Sit-ins- 1960 Four college black students begin a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter. • Freedom Summer- 1964 voter registration drive for southern blacks • Birmingham, Alabama 1963 - Protests in which Police Chief Eugene "Bull" Connor uses fire hoses and police dogs on black demonstrators. DVD Teaching Tolerance: The Children’s March

16. MLK • President of The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), • MLK’s philosophy: nonviolent resistance • Arrested on numerous occasions in the 1950s and 60s • Spearheaded The March on Washington in 1963 • Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 • Other movements included Vietnam and Poverty. • Assassinated on April. 4, 1968. He was shot and killed as he stood on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel

17. I Have a Dream • “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” DVD: MLK “I Have A Dream”

18. Civil Rights Legislation • The 24th Amendmentabolishes the poll tax • The Civil Rights Act of 1964outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, and employment. • Voting Rights Act of 1965prohibited states from imposing any "voting qualifications or prerequisites to voting - ends literacy tests! • Civil Rights Act of 1968prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.

19. Malcolm X • Malcolm Xwas an African American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. His detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence. • Assassinated in 1965 by members of the Nation of Islam Great Books: The Autobiography of Malcolm X, The Assassination and Legacy of Malcolm X (2:27)

20. Mexican American Movement • Latinos- very diverse group from Spanish- speaking nations: South America, Central America, Mexico, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. Each group has their own social and political concerns • Dolores Huerta- Established the 1st farm worker’s union in 1962 for fair wages, benefits, and humane working conditions. • Cesar Chavez- Mexican American farm worker and labor organizer • UFWOC- United Farm Workers Organizing Committee • La Raza Unida- “United People” established to elect Mexican Americans to public office, advocate for better jobs, pay, housing, and education.

21. Cesar Chavez • March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993 • Chavez was a Mexican American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers. Supporters say his work led to numerous improvements for union laborers. He believed in the non-violent approach to civil rights! • Boycotted grapes, fasted for 25 days • Voter registration • Education • Farm workers VIDEO: googlevideo.com A History of Hispanic Achievement in America-Cesar Chavez (7 mins)

22. Native American Activism • Assimilation- to blend into “white society” by giving up language, clothing, and expressions of culture • Bureau of Indian Affairs- Oversaw the reservations, “Indian Schools,” and assets of all Native American tribes. • Termination Policy- Ended federal protection under the B of A, sold reservation land and handed all services over to the NCAI • National Congress of American Indians- founded to fight poverty, disease, and unemployment, preserve native American heritage and tribal laws • The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975- created social programs land rights, water rights, hunting and fishing rights

23. Women’s Movement • Equal Rights • Betty Friedan • NOW (National Organization of Women) • ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) • Title IX (Protection for Women)

24. Essay • How did Americans respond to discrimination during the civil rights era? • Intro • Response #1 • Response #2 • Response #2 • Conclusion • A paragraph is 6-8 sentences in length. • Provide examples and details!

25. Mohandas Gandhi Reformer who led the Indian non-violent resistance against British rule in the 1940s. Successful in gaining Indian independence from Great Britain. Gandhi was one of Martin Luther King’s greatest influences. Nelson Mandela Reformer who was jailed for 27 years in South Africa for protesting apartheid (the legal separation of black people and the ruling Dutch and English.) Mandela’s release from jail in 1993 and election as S. Africa’s first black president in 1994 brought world-wide celebration. Mandela credits America’s Civil Rights Movement as one of his inspirations. Before & AfterReformers of Influence