780 likes | 1.48k Views
Normal First Trimester. Fetal Biometry Workshop Day 1. Objectives. Describe maternal & fetal early OB Placenta & Fetal Membranes Normal Sonographic Anatomy & Landmarks 1 st Trimester Assessment & dating. Terminology. Conceptual age Gestational age / Menstrual age Trimester
E N D
Normal First Trimester Fetal Biometry Workshop Day 1
Objectives • Describe maternal & fetal early OB • Placenta & Fetal Membranes • Normal Sonographic Anatomy & Landmarks • 1st Trimester Assessment & dating
Terminology • Conceptual age • Gestational age / Menstrualage • Trimester • Embryonic phase
Trimesters • 1st Trimester is 0-12 weeks • 2nd Trimester is 13-28weeks • 3rd Trimester is 28 - 40 weeks • Post dates = after due date
Indications 1st Trimester • To confirm presence of intrauterine pregnancy • To evaluate a suspected ectopic pregnancy • To define cause of vaginal bleeding • To evaluate pelvic pain • To estimate gestational [menstrual] age • To diagnose or evaluate multiple pregnancy • To confirm cardiac activity • As an adjunct to chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, embryo transfer, IUCD removal • To evaluate maternal pelvic masses and/or uterine abnormalities • To evaluate suspected hydatidiform mole
Patient History Taking • Patient age • LMP – normal or not • Symptoms • Pelvic Procedures • Reproductive History • Gravidity • Parity • G3P1012
Lab Tests Urine Blood MSAFP Alpha feto protein, serum blood Maternal blood & amniotic fluid Produced by yolk sac, then fetal liver Done 15-22 wks hCG Human chorionic gonadotropin Placental trophoblast cells Blood test most accurate • Detects HCG in urine • positive or negative • Urinalysis throughout the pregnancy
Implantation Sites • Normal • Upper corpus • Fundal region • Ectopic • Fallopian tubes [97%] • Uterine cornua [2.5%]] • Non-tubal sites • Ovaries • Cervix • Abdomen
Early Intrauterine Gestation • Decidual Reaction Cast • Non-specific finding 3-4 weeks • Focal echogenic thickening of decidua • Thick endometrium tissue
Early Intrauterine Gestation • Decidual Cyst • Not always visualized • 2 to 5 mm fluid collection • No echogenic border • Association with or before normal intrauterine gestation
Early Intrauterine Gestation • Implantation Bleed • May follow implantation due to erosion of uterine lining • Hypoechoic cleft in decidua near sac
Intradecidual sign • Gestational sac within the decidua abutting the endometrial canal • Should always be seen when maternal serum -hCG is 1700-2000 mIU/mL
DDS [double decidual sign] • 2 concentric hyperechoic rings adjacent to gestational sac • Inner • decidua capsularis / smooth chorion • Outer • decidua parietalis / developing placenta • Sonolucent center • fluid-filled chorionic cavity
Gestational Sac • 1st reliable indicator of IUP • 2 separate fluid filled compartments • Amniotic & chorionic • Yolk sac & embryo • Implants in uterine fundus • Rounded in shape
MSD + hCG • 5 mm MSD = hCG of 1800 mU/ml • Continue to increase proportionally
Vitteline Duct • Yolk stalk, omphalomesenteric duct • Provide blood flow to YS • Fuses at 7-8 weeks • Arteries then provide blood flow for foregut, midgut, and hindgut. • Vitteline vein drain into the sinus venosus • 3 paired vitteline veins
Yolk sac sign • Visualization of the yolk sac within the gestational sac • Yolk sac often seen when MSD is 5-6 mm and always seen when MSD is 8mm
Yolk Sac • Within chorionic sac • MSD • 10 mm TV • 20 mm TA • 42 days or 6 menstrual weeks
Early Intrauterine Gestation • Embryonic Pole • 1st appearance of fetus • ~ 45 menstrual days • Straight echogenic line
Gestational Sac Size MSD = Length + Width + Height / 3 Yolk Sac Size Seen in MSD of 10 to 15 mm Crown-rump length Embryo @ longest length Gestational Age
Predicting Viability • Cardiac activity • Heart rate • Bradycardia – 1st trimester demise • Lower limits of normal 100 bpm [<6.2 wks] • Lower limit of normal 120 bpm [6.3 -7 wks] • Gestational Sac size • Small – poor outcome • MSD - CRL mm > 5 mm; if < poor outcome • Yolk Sac • Size [large or small] & shape
Embryo at 7 to 9 Weeks • Early umbilical cord • Connecting stalk attaches embryo to developing placenta [chorion frondosum] • Early development of limbs, midgut & CNS • Large rhombencephalic cavity in head
Embryo at 9 to 12 Weeks • Developing anatomy visualized • Extremities develop • >11 weeks bowel returns to abdominal cavity • Fetal calvarium well formed [12 weeks] • Lateral ventricles contain prominent choroid
1st Trimester - Placental Growth • Forms from chorionic villi • Visible at 7 to 8 weeks’
Structural Abnormalities • Earliest time abnormality can be detected • Earliest time abnormality should be detected • 1st trimester: • Omphalocele • Duodenal atresia • Ocular defects • Cardiac defects • Septated cystic hygromas • Bifid appearance – conjoined twins
Measurements • GS • CRL • BPD • OFD • HC • AC • HC/AC • Femur (humerus, ulna, tibia can be done as well but not routine) • FL/BPD • FL/AC • Fetal weight estimates (need BPD, AC, and FL)
Gestational Sac • 100% specific for no Pregnancy • MSD grows about 1mm/day up to 10 weeks gestation • Measure inner to inner • If GS > 25mm and No embryo • If GS > 20mm and No YS • (L x W x H) / 3 = mean sac diameter (MSD) • GA (days) = MSD (mm) +30 • (TA) MSD of 5mm should = 5 wks GA • (TV) MSD of 2-3mm = 4 wks GA • Can not definitively age a pregnancy on MSD alone
HC - Head circumference • Same view as BPD • Length of outer perimeter of skull • Use ellipse or trace • (D1 x D2) x 1.57
Cephalic Index • CI = (shortest axis, BPD/ longest axis, FOD) x 100= 78.3 • Measure outer to outer • Normal mean = 78.3 • Dolicocephalic <70 • Brachycephalic >86