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Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education

Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education . 1. Some evidence on inter-generational mobility 2. The role of education 3. Returns to higher education 4. What has sex got to do with it? 5. Why is it more important to do well at university?. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education .

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Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education

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  1. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education 1. Some evidence on inter-generational mobility 2. The role of education 3. Returns to higher education 4. What has sex got to do with it? 5. Why is it more important to do well at university? PPE Society 30th November 2009

  2. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education 1. Evidence on inter-generational mobility • What would perfect mobility (= zero persistence) look like (S3)? • Absolute immobility/persistence (S4)? • Partial mobility/persistence (S5-6)? • The evidence for the Nordic countries, the US and the UK: a) What would you expect? b) (The American Dream vs the rigidity of the Nanny State? c) The evidence . . . (S7) d) Digging deeper . . . Non-linearity PPE Society 30th November 2009

  3. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education 1. Evidence on inter-generational mobility Yt = Yt-1 Yt x x x Perfect Mobility x x x x x x x x x x x Yt-1 PPE Society 30th November 2009

  4. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education 1. Evidence on inter-generational mobility Yt = Yt-1 Yt x x x Perfect Immobility x x x x x x x x x x x Yt-1 PPE Society 30th November 2009

  5. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education 1. Evidence on inter-generational mobility Yt = Yt-1 Yt Imperfect Mobility x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Yt-1 PPE Society 30th November 2009

  6. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education 1. Evidence on inter-generational mobility Yt = Yt-1 Yt Regression line x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Yt-1 PPE Society 30th November 2009

  7. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education 1. Evidence on inter-generational mobility Yt = Yt-1 Yt The US and Norway: which is which? And where is the UK? Yt-1 PPE Society 30th November 2009

  8. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education 1. Evidence on inter-generational mobility . . . Digging deeper Yt = Yt-1 Yt Flat-bottoms? x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Yt-1 PPE Society 30th November 2009

  9. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education Digging deeper – Transition Matrices An Intergenerational Income Mobility Transition Matrix: Father/Son; UK Source: Naylor et al., using NCDS 1958 birth cohort data. PPE Society 30th November 2009

  10. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education Digging deeper – Transition Matrices An Intergenerational Income Mobility Transition Matrix: Father/Son; UK PPE Society 30th November 2009

  11. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education Digging deeper – Transition Matrices Less persistence at bottom in Norway than UK An Intergenerational Income Mobility Transition Matrix: Father/Son; Norway But High persistence at top More downward mobility in Norway than UK PPE Society 30th November 2009

  12. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education Digging deeper – Transition Matrices Very high persistence at bottom An Intergenerational Income Mobility Transition Matrix: Father/Son; US Very little downward mobility in the US PPE Society 30th November 2009

  13. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education Why do we observe this flat-bottom pattern in the Nordic countries, but not in the UK or the US? Hypotheses . . . ? PPE Society 30th November 2009

  14. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education 1. Some evidence on inter-generational mobility 2. The role of education 3. Returns to higher education 4. What has sex got to do with it? 5. Why is it more important to do well at university? PPE Society 30th November 2009

  15. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education Pattern of mobility reflects educational structures PPE Society 30th November 2009

  16. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education Changes over time: Pattern of mobility reflects educational structures Note some evidence for the UK regarding changes in mobility over time following policy regime changes: (i) Intergenerational Mobility of 1958 birth cohort greater than that of their parents (comprehensive education, HE expansion) (ii) Intergenerational Mobility of 1970 birth cohort less than that of the 1958 birth cohort (HE expansion coupled with switch from grants to loans) PPE Society 30th November 2009

  17. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education 1. Some evidence on inter-generational mobility 2. The role of education 3. Returns to higher education 4. What has sex got to do with it? 5. Why is it more important to do well at university? PPE Society 30th November 2009

  18. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education Current Policy Debate in the UK: Higher Fees/Differential Fees Evidence from: BCS70 (Smith, Naylor and Bratti) and from USR-HESA data (Smith and Naylor) to show substantial and significant variation in the returns to a degree (around average of circa 18%) according to: Subject Studied, Institution Implications are . . . ? PPE Society 30th November 2009

  19. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education But . . . evidence also shows substantial and significant variation in the returns to a degree according to: school background social class background degree class: the premium for a degree (relative to A-levels) of: 20% for a 2.1 or 1st 10% for a 2.2 or lower Implications are . . . ? PPE Society 30th November 2009

  20. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education Evidence also shows differences in HE performance by school background. Implication is . . .? PPE Society 30th November 2009

  21. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education 1. Some evidence on inter-generational mobility 2. The role of education 3. Returns to higher education 4. What has sex got to do with it? 5. Why is it more important to do well at university? PPE Society 30th November 2009

  22. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education Empirical indicators of marital sorting Denmark Finland Norway UK US Correlations in educational attainment Female cohort members Dk No UK US self vs. husband .433 .495 .533 .562 her father vs. her mother .476 .489 .571 .627 her father vs. his father .153 .244 .359 PPE Society 30th November 2009

  23. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education 1. Some evidence on inter-generational mobility 2. The role of education 3. Returns to higher education 4. What has sex got to do with it? 5. Why is it more important to do well at university? PPE Society 30th November 2009

  24. Socio-economic Mobility and Higher Education PPE Society 30th November 2009

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