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End of Imperialism (1945 – Present)

End of Imperialism (1945 – Present). Imperialism in Asia. The Middle East. Post-War Changes After WWI Ottoman Empire was split up by the Allies Territories were controlled by the League of Nations (mainly Great Britain and France) Natives had very little control

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End of Imperialism (1945 – Present)

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  1. End of Imperialism (1945 – Present)

  2. Imperialism in Asia

  3. The Middle East • Post-War Changes • After WWI • Ottoman Empire was split up by the Allies • Territories were controlled by the League of Nations (mainly Great Britain and France) • Natives had very little control • The large amounts of oil attracted many Westerners to the region • Balfour Declaration: promise by the League of Nations to eventually create a homeland in Palestine for the Jewish people

  4. The Middle East • After WWII • Most countries in the Middle East gained independence • Rising nationalism • Zionism: the strong desire to create a homeland in Palestine for Jewish people • Pan-Arabism: the belief that Arabs should work together to achieve common goals • The UN began creating a homeland for Jewish People in Palestine

  5. Trouble in Palestine • History of Palestine • Jews claim Palestine as their homeland • By the 1900s, most of the people living • in Palestine were Arabs • U.N. Charter • Israel was to be created as a “state” for Jews • Another state was to be created for • Palestinians (non-Jewish, mostly Arab • residents of Palestine) • The Creation of Israel (1948) • Western nations (Europe and U.S.) supported • the creation of Israel, angering many Muslims • The Arab Reaction • Arabs were angered by the existence of a • Jewish country on what they believe to be • “Muslim lands” and planned to destroy Israel

  6. Arab-Israeli Wars • Arab countries tried to destroy Israel: • 1948 Arab-Israeli War • Six Day War (1967) • Yom Kippur War (1973) • Results: • Arab countries were defeated and humiliated • Israel gained more territory • Israeli military occupied Arab territories of Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights • Israelis built settlements in occupied territories • Many Palestinian Arabs became refugees (people who flee their homeland because of war or persecution)

  7. Other Conflicts • Palestinian-Israeli Conflict (1948-Present) • Occupied territories • To protect its people from attacks, Israel’s military tightened control over Palestinian territories • The PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) was created to fight for the rights of the Palestinians • Ongoing problems • Some Palestinians want to destroy Israel, have intentionally targeted Israeli civilians, and refuse to live side by side in peace • Israel withdrew from Gaza Strip and attacks against its civilians increased • A separate country has not been created for Palestinians • Israel refuses to remove military and Jewish settlements from West Bank

  8. Other Conflicts • The Suez Crisis (1956) • Gamal Abdel Nasser used Egyptian military to take control of the Suez Canal from the British and French • Great Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt • The United States forced them to withdraw • Egypt kept control of the Suez Canal • Nasser became a hero in the Arab world

  9. Other Conflicts • Islamic Revolution in Iran (1979) • The Shah (leader) tried to modernize Iran • Created a secular (non-religious) government like those found in Western countries (Europe and the United States) • Angered many Muslims • Radical Muslims led by Ayatollah Khomeini took control of Iran’s government • Set up government based on strict laws of Islam • Limited people’s freedom • Women’s rights were severely restricted • Kidnapped 52 Americans from U.S. embassy • Held for over 1 year • U.S. refused to recognize Iranian government

  10. Other Conflicts • Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) • Iran (ruled by Shi’a Muslims) and Iraq (ruled by Sunni Muslims) had a history of religious differences • Iraqi military invaded Iran in 1980 • After 8 years of fighting, the war ended with nothing gained by either country • Persian Gulf War (1990) • Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein sent soldiers into neighboring Kuwait to take control of oil fields • Coalition forces (led by the United States) forced Iraqi troops out of Kuwait • Saddam stayed in power in Iraq

  11. Islamic Terrorism • Terrorism: intentional attacks on civilians to create fear and achieve political or religious goals • Islamic Terrorism • Not all terrorists are Muslims and most Muslims are not terrorists! • However, many terrorist attacks have been carried out by radical Muslims over the past 30 years • Hi-jacking of airplanes carrying westerners • Bombings of American embassies in pre-dominantly Muslim countries • Attacks against Western tourists • Many suicide bombings against Israeli citizens

  12. Islamic Terrorism • September 11, 2001 (9/11) • 4 passenger planes were hi-jacked • 2 flew into the World Trade Center in NY City • 1 flew into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. • 1 (believed to be headed for the White House) brought down in a field in Pennsylvania by passengers who fought against the hi-jackers • Thousands of Americans were killed • Carried out by members of al-Qaeda (large Islamic terrorist group) • Led by Osama bin Laden • Many intentional attacks against civilians in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan • Bombings of trains and buses in Spain and U.K.

  13. Islamic Terrorism • Reasons given for Islamic terrorist attacks • The creation of Israel • Western governments’ support for Israel • U.S. military bases in the Middle East • Influence of Western culture on people of Muslim countries • Goals of Islamic Terrorists • Destroy Israel • Remove Western people/militaries/ideas from “Muslim lands” • Remove secular governments from “Muslim Lands” • Create a world-wide Islamic Empire

  14. The Global War on Terror • U.S. Declaration of War on Terrorism • U.S. declared war on terrorists and any countries that harbor them • The War in Afghanistan (2001-present) • After 9/11 attacks the Taliban (radical Muslim government in Afghanistan) harbored and supported Osama bin Laden and the al-Qaeda terrorist group • U.S. invaded Afghanistan, removed Taliban from power, and helped set up a democratic government • U.S. continues to support the Afghan government in the fight against the Taliban and al-Qaeda

  15. The Global War on Terror • The War in Iraq (2003-present) • Most countries believed Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction (wmd) • Saddam used chemical weapons against Kurds and Iranians • UN weapons inspectors were kicked out of Iraq • The U.S. invaded Iraq, removed Hussein from power, and helped set up a democratic government • No significant amount of “wmd” were found after invasion • The war became unpopular in the U.S. and elsewhere • U.S. is trying to help Iraq become independent • “Insurgents” continue fighting Americans and Iraqi government • Terrorists from have also come to Iraq to disrupt this process

  16. India • Imperialism in India (1700s – 1947) • India was a colony of Great Britain • WWII weakened Great Britain and it struggled to maintain control of India • Independence Movement • Indian National Congress (INC) • led struggle for independence • Mohandas Gandhi • Leader of INC • Led non-violence movement (use of peaceful protests to reach a goal) to win independence for India • Boycotted British goods • Organized workers’ strikes • Organized civil disobedience (refusal to obey unjust laws) • Example: making salt

  17. India • Independence (1947) • Great Britain granted India’s independence in 1947 • Partition (division) of India • Religious divisions • India’s Muslim minority did not want to be ruled over by Hindu majority • India was divided • Pakistan – Muslim country • India – Hindu country • Pakistan and India are still enemies today

  18. Southeast Asia • Southeast Asia • Began gaining independence after WWII • U.S. granted Philippines independence in 1946 • The Dutch (from Netherlands) granted Indonesia (East Indies) independence in 1949

  19. Japan • Japan • U.S. occupation after WWII • Helped rebuild Japan • Required Japan to accept democratic constitution • Japan and U.S. became close allies • Japan became an economic power • Capitalist economy • Leading producer of new technology and electronics

  20. Imperialism in Africa

  21. Africa

  22. Africa • Imperialism in Africa • By 1914 most of Africa was conquered by Europeans • Independence • After WWII many African colonies were granted independence by their European rulers • Some African nations had to use guerrilla warfare (smaller army hides out and uses “hit and run” tactics to fight a larger army) to win independence • Pan-Africanism (unity among all Africans) • African Union • Promotes democracy in African countries • Promotes trade and economic growth in Africa

  23. Special thanks to: • Google Images • ClipArt • Ben Bindewald

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