The Early Cold War: 1945-1960

1. The EarlyCold War:1945-1960

2. Part I:“Reconstruction & Confrontation”

3. Japan and Europe are in ruins Agriculture Industry Transportation In ruins World War II is over

4. The Cold War 1945-1991

6. Soviets feared “Capitalist encirclement Climate of mutual distrust

7. World Bank set up to help stimulate development in third world countries IMF International Monetary Fund to regulate exchange rates.

8. United Nations set up provided a forum resolving postwar conflicts

9. 197 members UNITED NATIONS

10. United States, Great Britain, France, China, and the USSR each would have a permanent seat and veto power on the governing Security Council. UNITED NATIONS

11. General MacArthur US pledge military protection New Constitution helps to rebuild Japan REBUILDING JAPAN

12. COLD WAR Such concern about rebuilding of Germany Soviets built “buffer countries”

13. COLD WAR Occupied Germany Divided into 4 sectors France, Great Britain, Russia and the United States

15. COLD WAR Berlin Capital of country located in Russian sector City divided into the same 4 vectors

17. HARRY S TRUMAN United States developed policy of Containment

18. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

20. THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE

21. What was it….. Because of the fear of Communism the USA was prepared to intervene throughout the world to protect democracy against communism…. By lending equipment, advice etc ( and eventually military force) The main aim was to stop communism spreading further This policy was called CONTAINMENT

22. The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”. aid to Greece and Turkey TRUMAN DOCTRINE

24. THE MARSHALL PLAN 1947(Marshall Aid) • An American response to the poverty and hardship in post war Europe • Who was Marshall? • An American General and American Secretary of State, sent to assess the economic state of Europe

25. It was thought that these were the conditions in which communism thrived WHY? Economies in ruins Shortages of goods Bread still rationed Coal shortages – in GB electricity cuts each day Details

26. Lend 17 million dollars to Europe 1948 – Plan passes by Congress – to last four years Marshall’s reaction

27. The Marshall Plan by generating prosperity, to reject the appeal of Communism, Czechoslovakia showed interest in receiving Marshall Aid but was blocked by Russia.The Soviet system was as much dependent upon creating a self-contained economic bloc as it was in maintaining a repressive political system. MARSHALL PLAN

28. Yes BUT….. The aid came in the form of goods made by American firms So there was an element of American self-interest to prevent another depression in USA What a nice gesture by the Americans.

29. He hated Marshall Aid!! Forbade Eastern European countries from having anything to do with it Regarded as anti-Communist Feared that it might weaken his hold on Eastern Bloc And Eastern countries would swing to the US dollar. And Stalin

30. Marshall Plan [1948] • “European Recovery Program.” • Secretary of State, George Marshall • The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. • $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

31. The nuclear bomb gave America a lead which was expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid Russian development of nuclear technology, helped by the work of the “atom spies” was a shock.Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945 and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a position for the post-war settlement. This helped make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more likely. Improve your knowledge

33. 1948 Stalin attempted to drive British, French, and American forces out of Berlin by cutting off all highway and railway access to the Western-controlled portion of the city of Berlin BERLIN CRISIS

34. West Berlin, as an outpost of Western democracy and economic success deep within the Communist zone, was both a nest of spies for both sides and a constant challenge to the Soviets.The Berlin Blockade was an attempt to starve the city into submission and the Allied airlift signalled the West’s determination to use all resources to defend Berlin. Berlin Airlift

35. Truman restricted his ant-Soviet policy to one of “containment”, resisting the advance of Communism into South Korea. After some hesitation he resisted his Commander, Gen Douglas MacArthur’s attempt to “roll-back” Communism by invading North Korea and China.MacArthur was dismissed but Truman’s successors continued to be drawn into conflicts of containment for the rest of the cold war. The beginning of the Korean War also highlighted the failings of the United Nations.Up to 1950, Russia and America had respectively blocked each other’s iniatives by using their veto powers in the Security Council. Because the Russian delegates were boycotting the UN in 1950, Truman was able to condemn the Communist invasion of S Korea and to set up a counter-attack under the banner of the UN. In contrast to the pre-War League of Nations, at least this ensured that the UN would, in future, be able to deploy force in international disputes. Berlin Airlift

37. Post-War Germany

38. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

39. U.S. Airlift BERLIN AIRLIFT

40. Cold War BERLIN AIRLIFT France, Britain and United States fused their sectors of Berlin

41. BERLIN AIRLIFT

42. Cold War Economic recovery was progressing in West Berlin Soviets alarmed blockaded rivers, highways and rails

43. Cold War Attempted to starve the city Truman responded with an airlift of supplies to West Berlin

44. Cold War Cold War confrontation Situation is resolved militarily without a shot being fired at each other directly

45. Cold War NATO In response to Soviet aggression Free nations of Europe and United States

46. Cold War Formed military alliance NATO Peacetime military alliance

47. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain

48. NATO Member Countries NATO is an Alliance that consists of 26 independent European and North American Countries

50. Cold War Soviet Union responded with Warsaw Pact Eastern Europe and Soviet Union Military pact