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ANATOMY OF TSUNAMIS: A COMPILATION OF HISTORICAL TSUNAMI MAREOGRAMS

ANATOMY OF TSUNAMIS: A COMPILATION OF HISTORICAL TSUNAMI MAREOGRAMS. Yohko Igarashi 1 , Laura Kong 2 , Masahiro Yamamoto 3 1. ITIC; now with Japan Meteorological Agency, 2. ITIC, UNESCO/IOC-NOAA, USA, 3. IOC/UNESCO, France.

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ANATOMY OF TSUNAMIS: A COMPILATION OF HISTORICAL TSUNAMI MAREOGRAMS

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  1. ANATOMY OF TSUNAMIS:A COMPILATION OF HISTORICAL TSUNAMI MAREOGRAMS Yohko Igarashi 1, Laura Kong 2, Masahiro Yamamoto 3 1. ITIC; now with Japan Meteorological Agency, 2. ITIC, UNESCO/IOC-NOAA, USA, 3. IOC/UNESCO, France

  2. Enhancing understanding towards the development of Tsunami Warning Systems • Various tsunami wave forms from local/regional and small/large tsunami • UNESCO/IOC/ITIC have compiled tsunami records. • TWC staff must interpret quickly • Lack of educational materials • Tsunami interpretation • Timelines of actions taken by TWC • Summary of the lessons learned • 1946 Aleutian Islands, 1960 Chile, 1975 Hawaii, 1998 Papua New Guinea, 2004 Sumatra, 2006 Kuril Islands, 2007 Solomon Islands and Peru events are compiled.

  3. 2006 November 15, Kuril Tsunami • Mw 8.3: east of Kuril Islands. • NW Pacific Tsunami Advisory Center (JMA) issued. • PTWC issued the regional warnings. • One person: injured in Waikiki, Hawaii, by 34 cm tsunami at Honolulu. • Damages at Crescent City, California (176 cm) • Large & shorter period tsunami in Japan about 4-5 hours after the first wave.

  4. Malokurilsk & Petropavlovsk Ayukawa, Mera, Omaezaki Hanasaki, Hachinohe, Ofunato Miyake, Muroto, Tosashimizu

  5. Numerical simulation(after Met. Res. Inst. JMA)

  6. Central &SW Pacific S-America Peru & Chile

  7. Peru (August 15, 2007) • Mw 8.0: near the coast of central Peru. • 514 killed by EQ. • 3 killed: a sparsely populated desert area • Largest tsunami runup heights (10 m) and massive inundation distances up to 2 km. • PTWC issued Warnings. Start the regional cooperation in SE Pacific countries

  8. DART32401 Chilean stationsonly 5 cm

  9. Hilo,Kawaihae, Kahului, Honolulu, Nawiliwili (Hawaii) Japanese stations and Midway

  10. Solomon (April 1, 2007) • Mw 8.1 (USGS) occurred on April 1 • This earthquake generated tsunami • More than 50 people killed. • 10 m high tsunami at near the source. • The nearest sea level station (Honiara) record 21cm tsunami (345 km away). Need dense sea level network

  11. South Pacific North Pacific

  12. Maximum wave height distribution(after NOAA/PMEL)

  13. Historical Tsunami Records • Many observed tsunami waveform data on the web sites, ITIC Newsletters and ERI-JMA CD-ROMs: all Japanese tsunami data from 1899 to 1996 (by ERI and JMA). • Some web sites have raw data & figures • Some station data are kept in two or more organizations.

  14. Eastern Aleutian Islands (April 1, 1946) • The earthquake with Mw 8.1 occurred on April 1, 1946. • The abnormally large tsunami was observed compared with the earthquake magnitude; “tsunami earthquake”. • The tsunami hit Unimak Island; the run-up reached 35m. • Tsunami hit the Hawaiian Islands where 159 people were killed. Some places;higher than 16m.

  15. West coast of North America

  16. California, US

  17. Hanasaki, Miyako and Ayukawa, Japan

  18. 10 m tsunami; Juan Fernandez off Chile and Marquesas Is in French Polynesia. • Tsunami heights observed along California were nearly 1 m. However, certain locations recorded larger tsunamis, such as 4 m at Princeton& Half Moon Bay, 3 m at Muir Beach. • Tsunamis observed along the Pacific coast of Japan, west from the source, were 0.5 m at most. • USA NTWC was established in 1948

  19. Hawaii (November 29, 1975) • Mw 7.2: early morning off the Hawaiian Is. • Sea began slowly rising within 10-30 seconds after ground shaking and then rapidly developed into a rushing wave. • The first wave:1.5m. Second wave: 8 m, and the highest wave reached 15 m. • Killed 2 campers, 19 campers were injured. • Hilo: 20 min. Honolulu: 49 min. • Small tsunami: Alaska, California, Japan.

  20. Sea level stations, Hawaii

  21. Hilo, Kahului, Honolulu and Nawiliwili, Hawaii

  22. Miyako, Ayukawa, Miyakejima, Owasw, Murotomisaki, Japan

  23. Papua New Guinea (Jul.17, 1998) • Mw7.0 EQ: near the north coast of PNG. • Trigger: large underwater landslide • Destructive tsunami was generated. • More than 2000 people were killed • Maximum height: 15 meters. • Destructive tsunami: only local areas. • Along Japanese coasts: 10 ~ 20cm • No tsunami records at the other sea level gauges such as Yap or Malakal.

  24. Ayukawa, Mera, Miyakejima, Chichijima, Uragami, Murotomisaki, Tanegashima, Ishigakijima, Japan

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