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Between Two Fires

Between Two Fires. Post-War General Conditions. Between Two Fires. Peace of Paris Angered: Germany (war guilt clause; lost colonies; reparations; not invited to talks) Italy (1915 land promises not fulfilled). 3. USSR (new communists not trusted; no help from the West; civil war rages on…)

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Between Two Fires

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  1. Between Two Fires Post-War General Conditions

  2. Between Two Fires Peace of Paris Angered: Germany (war guilt clause; lost colonies; reparations; not invited to talks) Italy (1915 land promises not fulfilled)

  3. 3. USSR (new communists not trusted; no help from the West; civil war rages on…) 4. Japan (land promises not fulfilled) 5. Jews and Arabs (Balfour Declaration broken)

  4. Civil War ended: 1921 Russia in BAD shape! Huge Debt: Need Reparations & Markets Massive War Reparations Small States: Self-Determination

  5. Europe: Need Markets/Buyers America: High Tariffs Discourage Imports Debase Currency: Inflation up – discourages Growth Creditor Nation: Over Investment in Stock Market: Over Production: NO BUYERS!!! Can’t sell at home… can’t sell abroad…

  6. Economies • The Great War caused • Unemployment • Overproduction • Inflation • World-wide depression: air of desperation

  7. Anger, Bitterness, and Desperation • These emotions led to the rise of totalitarianism • People looked to any charismatic leader for help • Germany: Hitler • Italy: Mussolini • USSR: Stalin • Japan: War Hawk Generals

  8. Desperation and Horror • In the West, economic disasters created the need for charismatic leaders • USA: FDR • UK: Chamberlain • Horrors of WWI led to unrealistic treaties • Locarno • Kellogg-Briand • Washington Conference

  9. General ‘Pacts’ and Agreements League of Nations • Enunciated by US President Wilson in his 14 Points & included in the Treaty of Versailles • League’s Purpose: • Work for international friendship, peace, and security • To attain this, it was greed that war would be avoided, peaceful relations would be maintained, and international law and accords would be honored

  10. Headquarters in Geneva • 26 Article Covenant to determine membership and withdrawal • The Council: • 5 Permanent members (France, Italy, England, Japan, US) • US seat left vacant because US Congress refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles • Germany filled the US vacancy in 1926 • 4 one-year Rotating seats (increased to 6 in 1922) • 1 Vote per member

  11. Powers of the Council • Discuss threats to international stability • Recommend action to member states • Could seek ways to reduce arms strength • Can search for ways to stop war & aggression • Suggest economic sanctions and other tactics to enforce decisions • Assembly • Legislative body of the League • Similar discussion & debating authority • No real Legislative powers

  12. Permanent Court of International Justice (World Court) • Located at the Hague in the Netherlands • Would consider any case brought before it • Acted as arbiter • Decisions were not binding – it relied on voluntary submission to decisions • Other parts to the League • Secretariat • International Labor Organization (ILO) • Mandates Commission • Etc…

  13. Washington Conference (1921-1922) • Designed to deal with problems of disarmament • Participants were major powers in Europe and Asia • Results: • Washington Naval Treaty (Five Power Treaty) • Halted battleship construction for 10 years • Limited shipping levels • Four Power Treaty • US, England, France, Japan agreed to not seek further Pacific expansion

  14. Washington Conference cont. • Nine Power treaty • 9 powers agreed to return China’s Kiachow territory to China • Guaranteed China’s independence and territorial autonomy

  15. Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance (1923) • Meant to determine aggressor in a conflict and provide support for the victim • Designed to target nations that did not reduce arms • Approved by League’s Assembly, however only France, Italy, and Japan actually supported it

  16. Geneva Protocol (1924)Locarno Pact (1925)Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) Go online and provide details for these Pacts

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