Models of disability perception

1. Models of disability perception By Dr. RamezNaguibBedwani

2. Models of disability perception • Many models have been proposedأقترحت to understand and explain disability and functioning. These models include the following

3. Models of disability perception* Contents: • The moral model • the medical model • the rehabilitation model • The expert/professional model • The tragedy/charity model • The economic model • The social model • The legitimacy model • The empowering model • The market model • THE DISABILITY MODEL

4. النموذجألأخلاقى1- The moral model • Refers to the attitude that people are morally responsible for their own disability. • For example disability may be seen as a result of bad actions of parents if congenital malformations happen to their baby, or as a result of witchcraft سحر. • This attitude is a religious fundamentalist متزمت view from the original rootsجذور التطور الأصلية of human beings, when humans killed any baby that could not survive on its ownلا يستطيع أن يعتمد على نفسه . • Echoesصدى of this can be seen in the doctrine تعاليم عقائديةof “karma” in Indian الهنديةreligions.

5. historically this is the oldest الأقدمand is less prevalent today غير شائع اليوم. However, there are many cultures that associateتربط disability with sin الخطيةand shameالخزى , and disability is often associated with feelings of guiltشعور بالذنب, even if such feelings are not overtly based in religious doctrine. • For the individual with a disability, this model is burdensomeعبء ثقيل . • This model has been associated with shame on all the family with a member with a disability. • Families have hidden أخبأوا the disabled family member, keeping them out of school and excludedأستبعد from any chance فرصةat having a meaningful role in society. • this model has resulted in general social ostracism نبذand self-hatredكراهية للمعاق .

6. 2-The medical modelالنموذج الطبى • Management of the disability is aimed at a "cure”شفاء or the individual’s adjustment and behavioral change that would lead to an "almost-cure“. • Medical careالرعاية الطبية is viewed as the main issue, • Until recently even politically; the principal concern in disability issues was modifying تعديلor reformingإصلاح healthcare policy. • Disability issues were regarded as health issues and physicians have been regarded as the primary authorities.

7. So The medical model views disability as a : • problem of the person, • directly caused by disease, or trauma (i.e or any health condition) • which requires sustainedمستمر medical care; • Care in the form of individual treatment (to a pt.) by medical professionals. • regards the body as machine that has to be fixed in order to conform with the normal values.

8. Historically, Medical Model emerged when "modern" medicine began to develop in the 19th Century, • along with the enhanced role of the physician in society. • as many disabilities have medical origins, people with disabilities were expected to benefit from coming under the care of the medical profession.

9. Under this model, the problems that are associated with disability are viewed to be within the individual. • So if the individual is "cured" شفىthen the disabling problem will not exist. • Societyالمجتمع has no responsibilityليس عليه أى مسئولية to make a "place" for persons with disabilities, since they live in an outsider role waiting to be cured.

10. The individual with a disability is in the “sick role”دور المريض under the medical model. • When people are sick, they are excused يعفواfrom the normal obligations واجبات و التزاماتof society: going to school, getting a job, taking on family responsibilities, etc.

11. 3- A rehabilitation modelنموذج إعادة التأهيل • A branching from the medical model, which regards the disability as : • causing a deficiencyعجز / نقص • Needs a rehabilitation professional who can provide trainingتدريب , therapyعلاج , counselingمشورة و إرشادor other services خدمات أخرى to make up forيعوض that deficiency. • Historically, it gained acceptance after World War II when many disabled veteransجندى سابق needed to be re-introduced يعاد دخولهinto society.

12. But persons with disabilities have been very criticalمنتقدين of both the medical model and the rehabilitation model. • While medical interventionالتدخل الطبى can be required by the disabled individual at times, it is naive ساذجand simplistic متبسطto regard the medical systemالمنظومة الطبية as the only appropriate place for disability (esp. related policy matters). • As many disabilities and chronic medical conditions will never be cured. • Persons with disabilities are capable قادرين of participating in society, and the practices of confinementحجز، تحديد إقامة and institutionalizationعزل بالمصحات that accompany the “sick role” are not acceptable.

13. 4-The expert/professional modelنموذج الخبير / الإختصاصى المهنى • Appeared as a responseكإستجابة to disability issues and a branching from the medical model. • professionals follow a processعملية of identifying تمييزthe impairment ضعف / تلفand its limitations حدود تقييدها (using the medical model), • take the necessary action to improve the position of the disabled person. • This has produced a “system” in which an authoritarianتسلطى , over-active service provider prescribesيصف وصفات and acts for a passive سلبى / غير عامل client.

14. 5-The tragedyماسآة/charityإحسان model • regards disabled people as victimsضحايا of circumstanceالظروف • who are deserving يستحقواof Pity الشفقة and sympathy…..with no practical contribution in solving disabeled people’s problems. • This Model along with the medical model, are the models most used by non-disabled people to define and explain disability.

15. 6-The economic modelالنموذج الإقتصادى • Defines disability by a person’s inability to participateالمشاركة in work العمل . • It assesses the degree (value)درجة او قيمة to which impairmentتقييم درجة العجز affects an individual’s productivityإنتاجيةand the economic consequences for the individualالفرد, employerصاحب العمل and the stateالدولة . • Such consequences include loss of earnings الدخل and payment for assistanceمساعدة by the individual , lower profit margins for the employerإنخفاض هامش الربح لصاحب العمل بسبب التعويضات ; and state welfareالإعانةالمعاش/ payments. • This model is related to the charity/tragedy model.