Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis

1. Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis • Ms. Garvin • US History I

2. Manifest Destiny • 1840: • “The American claim is by the right of our manifest [obvious] destiny to overspread and possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and…….self – government entrusted to us.” • John L. O’Sullivan

3. Americans in Texas • Early 1820s Mexico allowed American immigration into Mexico. Americans and Mexicans alike rushed at the chance of acquiring land. • Soon Anglo settlers surpassed Tejanos in Texas. • Anglo settlers lived as naturalized Mexican citizens.

4. Americans in Texas • Stephan F. Austin • 1830-1834: Anglo population doubled. • Austin won repeal on the prohibition on immigration. • 1835: More than 1,000 Anglos each moth streamed into Texas. • 1836: Population of Texas: • 3,500 Tejanos • 12,000 Native Americans • 45,000 Anglos • 5,000 African Americans

5. Americans in Texas • Great differences between Americans and Mexicans did not help matters. • General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna • 1835:Several rebellions broke out. • Texas Revolution began.

6. The Alamo • Battle of the Alamo

7. COMMANDANCY OF THE ALAMO, BEXAR, February 24, 1836. FELLOW-CITIZENS AND COMPATRIOTS : I am besieged by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna. I have sustained a continued bombardment for twenty-four hours, and have not lost a man. The enemy have demanded a surrender at discretion ; otherwise the garrison is to be put to the sword, if the place is taken. I have answered the summons with a cannon-shot, and our flag still waves proudly from the walls. I shall never surrender or retreat. Then I call on you in the name of liberty, of patriotism, and of everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid with all despatch. The enemy are receiving reinforcements daily, and will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four or five days. Though this call may be neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible, and die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor and that of his country. Victory or death!
 "W. BARRET TRAVIS, Lieutenant-Colonel commanding.

9. Davy Crockett Jim Bowie Imagine Given the Choice of: Stay, Fight, Die or Leave and Live! What would you do?

10. In charge of the Alamo: One of the First to Die!  Survivor that was told to spread the word of the Alamo to Texas!

11. Texan Independence • Goliad. • April 21, 6 weeks after Alamo, Texas struck back led by Sam Houston. • Battle of San Jacinto. • Treaty of Velasco • September of 1836: Sam Houston became the president of the Republic of Texas. • Lone Star Republic.

12. Texan Independence • 1838: Texas invites the United States to annex the Lone Star Republic. • Debate on whether it will tip the balance of power to slave states or free states. • 1845: Texas becomes the 28th state.

14. Territorial Disputes • 1844: James K Polk running for President: • Slogan: Fifty-Four Forty or Fight • 1846: Reestablished U.S. and Canadian border: • Current Border that still stands today.

16. Tensions Heighten • United States and Mexico on worse terms after the annexation of Texas in 1845. • Border Disputes: • Texas claimed that its southern border was the Rio Grande. • Mexico claimed its southern border was the Nueces River, 100 miles north of the Rio Grande.

18. War Begins • Zachary Taylor at the Rio Grande. • John C. Fremont led exploration party through Mexico’s Alta California province. • Polk sent a message to Congress stating that by shedding “American blood upon American soil” Mexico had started the war. • Polk immediately sends Colonel Stephen Kearney to march from Kansas to Santé Fe, New Mexico to seize NM and CA.

19. War……

20. Great American Generals • U.S. also had some of the nation’s best officers. • Captain Robert E. Lee and Captain Ulysses S. Grant • Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott

21. Still More War • Taylor attacked and captured Monterrey, Mexico in 1846. • Scott’s forces took advantage of Mexicans’ weaknesses and captured Veracruz in March. • Captured Veracruz in an amphibious landing and attack. • Next, captured Mexico City on September 14, 1847.

22. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: 1848 • Border of Texas and Mexico was the Rio Grande • New Mexico and California were now part of United States • Guaranteed Mexicans living in this area freedom of religion, protection of property, bilingual elections, and open borders.

25. Wilmot Proviso • Wilmot Proviso • Fails in Senate but keeps popping up for years. • Election of 1848: Zachary Taylor is elected president.

26. The California Gold Rush • 1848: James Marshall, American carpenter discovered gold while working in California’s Sierra Nevadas. • People fled San Francisco to search the Sacramento Valley looking for gold. • As word traveled east, migration to CA skyrocketed. • Forty-Niners • San Francisco’s population skyrocketed as a result. • San Francisco became the main supply center and in turn a booming city.

27. California Diversifies • 1849: California’s population exceeds 100,000. • Chinese • Free blacks • Mexicans • California had slaves until 1849. • California entered as a free state in 1850.

29. San Francisco

31. On to Slavery ……… 

32. Adequately Cared For. Medical Care when needed. Less healthy than whites. Better off than many factory workers and much better off than European workers and peasants. Slaves are an investment.

33. Women and Children • Children: • Light work until teenagers. • Women • Worked double. • Fields and Home • Special burden=Special Authority

34. Overseers Main job was discipline. Pay depends on how much slaves produce.

35. Domestic vs. Fields • Domestic Work • Pros: • Less Arduous • Sleep in main house. • Stronger bonds with white family. • Cons: • Stronger bonds with white family • No privacy. • Always under eye of white family • Females subjected to sexual abuse from men. • Females subjected to abuse from women. • Separated from other slaves. • When Emancipated: House servants first to leave.

36. Slavery in the Cities • More “freedom” • Not always supervised • Better fed, housing, clothed. • Work on contract • Line between slaves and free blacks is blurred. • Segregation increases.

37. Free African Americans • 250,000 by Civil War • Southern states forbade free African Americans for entering after a while of the numbers rising. • Some Prosper: • New Orleans, Natchez, Charleston • Most live in poverty.

38. The Slave Trade in the United States 1808: Federal law forbids the “importation” of slaves into the country. Smugglers continue well into 1850s. Slave Traders took slaves from place to place often bringing them to a central market for auction.

39. Slave Resistance • Majority of slaves are not content • Response: Adaptation or Resistance • Sambo • Slave Rebel • Rebels: • Gabriel Prosser: Led 1,000 slaves to rebellion. • Denmark Vesey: Led 9,000 slaves to rebellion. • Nat Turner: Led the only actual slave insurrection. • Led armed group and went plantation to plantation killing about 60 whites in the area. • Over a hundred blacks are executed. • Many totally innocent.

42. Non-Violent Resistance • Less Dramatic: More Common • Runaway: Underground Railroad • Remain “Lazy” • Sabotage Plantations. • Mutilation/Suicide

43. Language • Pidgin • Blending of African and English Language

44. Music • Vital to Culture • Instruments: • Banjo • Drums • Voices • Hands • Spirituals Came from Slaves

45. Religion • Most were Christian • Methodist and Baptist • Blended African spirituality (voodoo and polytheistic traditions) with Christianity. • More vocal • More emotional • Emphasized dream of deliverance.

46. Slave Family • Vital to slavery institution. • No legal marriage • Premarital pregnancy not condemned • Families often separated and broken up. • Still kept strong ties. • Relied more on extended family. • Paternal relationship with slave owner.

47. Clay to the Rescue!!!! • Compromise of 1850: January 1850: a series of resolutions. • Clay begged both sides to think long and hard before shooting his Compromise down. • It was this or war.

48. Calhoun v. Webster • Clay started one of the greatest political debates in history. • Calhoun presented his speech in defense of slavery in the South. • Webster, 3 days later, made his eloquent appeal. • Webster appealed to the American people in one of the most famous speeches in Senate history. • Urged Northerners to compromise on Fugitive Slave Law and warned Southerners to think of the dangers of secession. • ”I wish to speak today, not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man, but as an American,…. Here me for my cause.”

49. Compromise Succeeds • Stephan Douglas of Illinois takes his place. • President Taylor dies on July 9 unexpectedly. • Calhoun dies and the South is ready to negotiate. • 8 months later: Compromise of 1850 is passed into law.

50. Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 • Alleged fugitives were not entitled to a trial by jury