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Poverty, Participation and Panchayats Anirudh Krishna, Duke University

Poverty, Participation and Panchayats Anirudh Krishna, Duke University. SELECTED FROM RESEARCH ON. Panchayats and Collective Action Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan Democratic Participation Andhra, M.P, Rajasthan Poverty, Education and Social Mobility Andhra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka.

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Poverty, Participation and Panchayats Anirudh Krishna, Duke University

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  1. Poverty, Participation and PanchayatsAnirudh Krishna, Duke University

  2. SELECTED FROM RESEARCH ON • Panchayats and Collective Action Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan • Democratic Participation Andhra, M.P, Rajasthan • Poverty, Education and Social Mobility Andhra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka

  3. Poverty: A Dynamic Property

  4. The News about Poverty • Escape and Descent are parallel and concurrent • Reasons for Escape differ from Reasons for Descent • Separatepolicies are needed – to prevent descent, and to promote escape

  5. Major Reasons for Descent • Health and health-related expenses • (59% in Rajasthan; 88% in Gujarat; 75% in Andhra) • Social expenses: death feasts, marriages • (37% in Rajasthan; 49% in Gujarat; 69% Andhra) • High-interest private debt • (86% in Rajasthan; 52% in Gujarat; 60% in Andhra) • Otherlocation-specificreasons • (24% in Andhra: non-delivering irrigation schemes in particular villages)

  6. Major Reasons for Escape • Diversification of Income Sources • (45% Gujarat, 70% Rajasthan,51% Andhra) • Irrigation and farm improvement • (29% Gujarat, 27% Rajasthan,25% Andhra) • Jobs • (many fewer) • Government assistance programs • (paltry: 6% Gujarat, 7% Rajasthan,6% Andhra)

  7. Poverty Reduction Panchayats can make critical impacts by • Improving Healthcare • Promoting Upward Mobility… (also specific local causes…)

  8. The Good News: Rapid Rise in Education Achievement Source: Original data collected in 2006 from 20 Rajasthan and 20 Karnataka villages

  9. Rising Functional Literacy (11-15-year-olds by caste group and gender) Source: Original data collected in 2006 from 20 Rajasthan and 20 Karnataka villages

  10. But severely limited upward mobility…

  11. Sharp Drop after Elementary Education • Karnataka villages: Only 5.5 percent have more than 11 years of education • Rajasthan villages: Only 3.1 percent have more than 11 years of education (These percentages nearly the same among 21-25 year-olds) Source: Original data

  12. EDUCATION AND ASPIRATIONS • Rapidly rising demand for education, but • A sharp drop-off occurs soon after elementary school, and • Achievements and aspirations are both severely limited

  13. Stated Career Aspirations (Percent of 556 villagers, 14-22 years old and attending school)

  14. PARALLEL STUDY: WHO BECOMES A SOFTWARE PROFESSIONAL? Detailed interviews with 150 newly recruited software engineers (random selection from three Bangalore-based firms) and HRD managers of these and other firms THREE SIGNIFICANT GAPS Rural Gap Wealth Gap Generational Education Gap – most significant Only between 4% and 7% of Indians qualify

  15. Upward Mobility Panchayats’roles? • Employment exchanges? • Secure transportation to high schools? • Teaching quality and quantity • Promoting role models (most promising)

  16. Health • Higher Education • Upward Mobility www.pubpol.duke.edu/krishna

  17. What do you expect: If you were to make contact with a government official or political leader, will you get a response or will you be ignored? RajasthanAndhra 1: Will get a response: 41% 46% 2: Will be ignored: 59% 54% Access is a key issue…

  18. Access is a problem, but faith in democracy remains strong: Question: Suppose a political leader arranges to increase your income by 50 percent forever but also asks to stay in power forever: no more elections will be held. Will you support this leader?

  19. Strong party identification, but parties do not solve the Access Problem for ordinary citizens: • 91% of 2,291 respondents strongly identified themselves with one or another political party • Increase in party identification over seven years • But parties are centralized, top-down organizations, with no permanent presence at the grassroots • Rarely enable access upward

  20. Who helps with Access in the following situations?(Rajasthan, 1997-98 data) Similar result in Andhra: more than 60% rely upon Naya Netas.

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