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Chapter 1: Ancient America and Africa

Chapter 1: Ancient America and Africa. The Peoples of America Before Columbus Africa on the Eve of Contact Europe on the Eve of Invading the Americas Conclusion: The Approach of a New Global Age. The Peoples of America Before Columbus. Migrations to the Americas.

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Chapter 1: Ancient America and Africa

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  1. Chapter 1:AncientAmerica and Africa • The Peoples of America Before Columbus • Africa on the Eve of Contact • Europe on the Eve of Invading the Americas • Conclusion: The Approach of a New Global Age

  2. The Peoples of AmericaBefore Columbus

  3. Migrations to the Americas • Earliest arrivals about 35,000 B.C.E. • Land bridge 600 miles wide connecting Asia with Alaska • Nomadic bands from Siberia hunting big-game animals • Main migration between 11,000 and 14,000 years ago • Perhaps multiple migrations by sea and land

  4. Hunters, Farmers, and Environmental Factors Migration southward and eastward Paleo-Indian era: 14,000 to 10,000 years ago Hunting Pleistocene mammals - megafauna Archaic era: 10,000-2,500 years ago Agricultural revolution c. 5000 B.C.E. Settled village life replaced nomadic existence Regional trading networks formed By about 500 B.C.E. hundreds of small independent kin-based groups

  5. Mesoamerica • Large-scale societies in Mexico • Olmec and Toltec civilizations • 1600-400 BC • Aztecs • Capital at Tenochtitlán • 200,000 inhabitants • located on an island in Lake Texcoco • Hierarchical society • Nobility, free commoners, serfs, slaves • Skilled hydraulic engineers • "floating gardens" • artificially created islands where produce was grown • aqueduct supplied fresh water

  6. Expansion of the Aztec Empire

  7. Regional North American Cultures • Pre-Columbian era • Diversity, many small groups • Pueblo people, by 1200 C.E. • Planned villages, farming, terracing, irrigation • Northwest Pacific coast • Plank houses, fishing, less agriculture • Great Plains to Atlantic tidewater • Algonquian, Iroquoian, Muskhogean, Siouan

  8. An Anasazi Village

  9. Regional North American Cultures • Early Mound Builders • Massive earthen complexes • Numerous burial and effigy mounds • 10,000 mounds in Ohio • Mississippian culture, from about 600 C.E. • Centered at Cahokia near St. Louis • Wide influence and contacts • Wisconsin to Louisiana and Oklahoma to Tennessee

  10. Serpent Mound in southwest Ohio

  11. Cahokia

  12. Mississippian Culture Shrine Figures

  13. Regional North American Cultures • Northeast Indians • Mixed agriculture, hunting, fishing • Waterside villages • Migrated seasonally • Southeast • Long-distance trade • Elaborate pottery and baskets • Some earthmoving

  14. Iroquois Iroquois Near Lake Ontario Loose confederation Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca Palisaded villages and longhouses Communal living Bounty divided among all

  15. Contrasting Worldviews • Indian and European attitudes differ markedly • “Civilized” versus “savage” • Relationship with nature • Land ownership • Social hierarchy – except for Aztec, Inca • Matrilineal versus patrilineal organization • Gender roles • Role of trade • Religious conceptions

  16. Africa on the Eve of Contact

  17. The Kingdoms of Central and West Africa • Varied landscape, varied cultures • Sophisticated agricultural techniques and livestock management • Nok peoples, modern Nigeria • Ironworking by 450 B.C.E. • Ghana Empire • Extensive urban settlement • Long-distance commerce • Plentiful gold • Islam • spreads into Sub-Saharan areas by 1000 C.E.

  18. Spread of Islam in Africa, c. 1500 C.E.

  19. The Kingdoms of Central and West Africa • Mali Empire • Grows under Mansa Musa • Agriculural production and gold trade • Timbuktu • Songhai Empire • Niger River • Farmers, traders, fishermen, and warriors • Sonni Ali and Muhammad Ture • Kongo and Benin • Centers of slave trade

  20. Western African Kingdoms

  21. The African City of Loango

  22. African Slavery • Result of warfare or crime • Slaveowning a mark of status • Slaves have rights – education, marriage, parenthood • Not necessarily slaves for life • Slavery not automatically passed on to children • Family the root of individual identity

  23. African Ethos • Family • Basic unit of social organization • Often matrilineal • Religion • Supreme Creator • Animist – nature spirits • Importance of the dead, and intercessors • King at the top of society • Supported by nobles and priests

  24. Europe on the Eve ofInvading the Americas

  25. The Rebirth of Europe • Renaissance • Based on trade • Recovery after Black Death of 1300s • Political centralization • But limitations, e.g. Magna Carta • Peasant class in the process of transformation

  26. A Procession in Venice

  27. Centralizing & Expanding • Stronger monarchs create bigger armies • Exploration • Driven by trade motives • Find source of African gold • Portuguese lead exploration • With royal support • Technological advances

  28. Religious Wars

  29. Conclusion:The Approach of a New Global Age

  30. Conclusion:The Approach of a New Global Age • The 1500s in West Africa, Europe, Americas • Development of West African empires • Renaissance Europe • Maritime technology • Aztec and Inca Empires • Mound-building societies decentralizing

  31. Timeline

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