AKS 32: Ancient Rome

1. AKS 32:Ancient Rome Chapter 6 Pages 155-183

2. 32a Explain how geographic features & cultural diffusion affected the development of Roman civilizations • WARM-UP:

3. The Legend753 B.C. Rome is founded (according to the legend) • Founded by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the god Mars • Twins abandoned; raised by she-wolf • Romulus killed Remus and founded city of Rome

4. Roman Geography • Chosen for: • Fertile soil • Strategic location • Center of Italian peninsula in center of Mediterranean Sea • Seven hills on the Tiber River

5. The First Romans • Three Groups: • Latins • Found original settlement of Rome between 1000 and 500 B.C. • Greeks • These prosperous and commercially active cities brought all of Italy, including Rome, into closer contact with Greek civilization • Etruscans • Native to Northern Italy • They had a lot of cultural influence on the Latins. (alphabet, architecture, arch, and trade)

6. Rome’s Religion and Values • Both the Greeks and the Etruscans had an influence on the development of Roman religion. • polytheists who believed in many gods and spirits. • The Romans took the legends and stories of the Greek gods and renamed them for themselves. • Values = Gravitas • Gravitas • emphasized discipline, strength, and loyalty. A person with these values was said to have the important virtue of gravitas, weightiness or seriousness. • The Romans honored strength more than beauty, power more than grace, usefulness more that elegance, and steadiness more than quickness of mind.

7. 32b - compare the origins and structure the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire32d - trace the development of Rome from Republic to Empire • WARM-UP:

8. 600 B.C.Etruscan becomes king of Rome • Kings build Rome’s first temples and public centers Ruins of the Forum, the political center of the Roman Empire, still stand in present-day Rome

9. 509 B.C.Roman aristocrats overthrow monarchy • Established a republic • Gov’t in which citizens elect leaders • Citizen = adult males who own land • Two groups struggled for power: • Patricians • Plebeians

10. The Roman RepublicPatricians & Plebeians • Patricians • Wealthy landowning class that holds most of the power • Plebeians • Artisans, merchants, & farmers • Can vote, but can’t rule Birth alone determined every Roman’s social and political status. Marriage between the patrician and plebeian classes were forbidden.

11. Struggle of Orders • Plebeians were barred by law from holding most important positions in government(commanding armies, serving as high priests, or holding high offices) • Thousands of plebeians refused to fight in the Roman army unless patricians agreed to certain reforms. They gained access to many political offices and obtained favorable laws.

12. The Roman Republic451 B.C. Officials began writing the Twelve Tables (Legal Code) • Became basis for later Roman law • Laws confirm right of all free citizens to protection of the law • Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners • Tables were hung in the Forum

13. The Roman RepublicGovernment • Consuls • Two Rulers • One leads army, one to direct government • Served 1-year term • Could not serve again for another 10 years • One consul could always overrule, or veto, the other’s decisions • Could appoint a temporary dictator for 6 months in times of crisis

14. The Roman RepublicGovernment • Senate • Chosen from upper class (patricians) • Served for life • Advised consuls • 300 members • Responsible for making foreign and domestic policy

15. The Roman RepublicGovernment • Curiate Assembly • Oldest unit of organization • Controlled by patricians • Became obsolete as a legislative body but preserved certain functions as witnessing religious affairs

16. The Roman RepublicGovernment • Tribal Assembly • Ordinary citizens (plebeians) • Served for life • Elects 10 Tribunes to speak for their interests • By using bribes, the ruling oligarchy of patricians and wealthy plebeians maintained control over the Assembly, and the Senate remained a bastion of aristocratic power

17. The Roman RepublicGovernment • Centuriate Assembly • Soldiersonly • Chose the consuls • Served for life • Help to make laws

18. Dictator • in times of military emergency appointed by consuls – limited to 6 months

19. The Roman RepublicThe Roman Army • Roman Legion • Military unit of 5,000 infantry (foot soldiers) • Supported by cavalry (soldiers on horseback) • Century: each legion was broken up into smaller groups of 80 soldiers • Army was powerful • This was a key factor in Rome’s rise to greatness • Each citizen was required to serve in the military • No one could hold public office until they first served ten years as a soldier.

20. The Roman RepublicRoman Power Spreads • Conquers Italy • Roman defeat Etruscans in the north & Greek city-states in the south • By 265 B.C., Rome controlled the Italian peninsula • Conquered peoples were treated justly – this allowed Rome to grow • Latin neighbors were treated as full citizens. • In territories far from Rome, people were given half-citizenship. They enjoyed all the privileges of a Roman citizen except the right to vote. • Allies of Rome were required to contribute troops to the Roman army and could only be allied with Rome. They were free to govern their own territory.

21. The Roman RepublicRome’s Commercial Network • Established a large trade network • Their access to the Mediterranean Sea provided many trade routes • Carthage, a powerful city-state in North Africa, rivaled Rome

22. G/H Warm Up • The planets are named after _______ • Who founded the city of Rome? • What did the Romans learn from the Etruscans? • On what river is the city located? Why? • How did the Romans govern conquered people? • Describe the different branches of the Roman government. • What is a Republic • Why was the Delian League established? • What was the impact of the Peloponnesian War? • Rome was divided into what two classes?

23. CP Warm Up • What is a Republic? • Name the 3 groups that settled the Italian Peninsular? Where did they settle on the peninsular? • When is a dictator put in charge of the Roman government? How long does he maintain control? • Which body in Roman government represented the plebians? • What are the Twelve Tables?

24. The Roman RepublicThe Punic Wars • Rome vs. Carthage • 3 Wars that took place between 264-146 B.C.

25. The Roman RepublicThe Punic Wars • First Punic War • Cause • Rome feared Carthage’s designs on the northern Sicilian city of Messana. • Rome fearing that Carthage would use Messana either to attack them or to interfere with their trade. Rome decided that the security of its allies required intervention in Sicily. • Lasted 23 years • Rome defeats Carthage • Gains Sicily • Forced the Carthagians to pay tribute • Rome will later seize Corsica and Sardinia

27. Second Punic War (Hannibal

28. The Roman RepublicThe Punic Wars • Second Punic War • Hannibal (Carthaginian General) attacked from the north by traveling through Spain, France, and through the Alps • Made it down into Italian Peninsula, but was unable to take Rome • Scipio (Roman General) defeated Hannibal in 202 B.C.

29. The Battle of Zama • Scipio, a great Roman general, attacked Carthage and forced Hannibal to run. This ended the Second Punic War. • This battle is one of the few in history that could have changed the course of history. If Hannibal had won, Carthage, not Rome would have become the greatest empire in the world.

31. In between Punic Wars Rome had to deal with the Greeks… • Conflict arose partly because pirates and ambitious local lords ignored the weakening Hellenistic rulers and threatened regional stability. • Roman leaders dispatched armies to protect the interests of Roman citizens and merchants, and these expeditions led to conflict with the Anigonids (rulers of Macedonia) and Seleucids ( rulers of Syria and Anatolia) • 215-148 BC Rome fought five major wars, mostly in Macedon and Anatolia, against the Antigonid and Seleucid opponents • Rome was the victor and controlled the former lands of Alexander the Great’s empire through alliances or direct control.

32. The Roman RepublicThe Punic Wars • Third Punic War • Rome destroyed Carthage • Salted their fields (to prevent crops from being able to grow) • Enslaved Carthaginian people

33. G/H • What is a Republic? • What did the Romans learn form the Etruscans? • What was the first important win for the Plebeians? • When gaining control of other areas, how did the Romans deal with the issue of citizenship? • What is a significant result of the Punic Wars? • Why are the Twelve Tables significant? • Name the river on which the city of Rome was founded. • Which part of the government held the most power during the Roman Republic? • Why did the Greeks create colonies throughout the Mediterranean? • What was a negative long term effect of the Persian Wars?

34. C/P • What is a republic? • In times of crisis who was placed in charge of the republic? • Name the river on which the city of Rome was founded. • Through what part of government did the patricians rule the republic? • Name the group of early settlers who established colonies in southern Italy and Sicily. • Who was the Macedonian King who conquered Greece? • What did the Romans learn from the Etruscans? • Why are the Twelve Tables important? • Who controlled the Roman senate? (hint: they are upper class citizens) • What is a important result of the Punic Wars?

35. CP

36. Collapse of the Roman RepublicEconomic Collapse • Social and Economic Problems • The rich depended on the labor of slaves. As a result of the First Punic War, 75,000 people were enslaved. • Slaves become 1/3rd of the total population • Slaves work as domestic servants, artisans, bookkeepers, scribes, administrators, plantation workers, miners, prostitutes • Gap between rich & poor widened as the Roman Republic grew • Farmers, most former soldiers, lose their land to large estates – become homeless • The once sturdy and independent Roman farmer, who had done all that his country had asked of him, was becoming part of a vast urban underclass- destitute, embittered, and alienated • latifundia: huge farming estates used strictly for the business of cattle raising. • proletariat: new class of urban, landless, poor. The people of this class were the poorest Romans. Because they had no work, they became a dangerous and discontented mob within the city.

37. Collapse of the Roman RepublicClass struggles • Tiberius • He was elected as a tribune(tribune= elected official who speaks on the behalf of the plebians.) • called for the government to limit the size of large estates, and distribute the land to the poor. • He is later beaten to death by Roman senators on election day • He was running for reelection. • 300 of his followers were also executed and their bodies were dumped into the Tiber River.

38. Gaius Gracchus • Ten years later after his brother’s death Gaius was elected tribune • Pushed laws weakening the Senate and had programs dealing with unemployment. • Promised full citizenship to all Italians. • Aided the poor by reintroducing his brother’s plan for land distribution • enabled the poor to buy grain from the state at less than half the market price. • Senate was displeased • Offers a large reward for his death • Gaius is eventually killed. • By killing the Gracchi, the Senate had substituted violence for reason and made murder a means of coping with troublesome opposition. • The Roman Republic was on a downward spiral. The poor felt disenfranchised, the Senate was corrupt, and the Tribal Assembly, the voice of the common man, demonstrated a weakness for demagogues.

39. Collapse of the Roman Republic:Rise of Generals and Professional Army • Military became less disciplined & disloyal • Soldiers were recruited from the poor and showed loyalty only to their generals • These leaders now used the armies for their own political advancements. It was now possible for rival politicians, each supported by their own army to win power by force or arms.

40. Collapse of the Roman Republic:Civil War btwn Marius and Sulla • Marius • saved Rome from Germanic tribes and was reelected consul 5 times in a row. • Professional army- After Marius, soldiers did not fight for the republic, but instead for the military leader. • Sulla • He was Marius’ rival. • Was given a coveted position of defending the empire against barbarians • Marius with his influence over the Senate tries to take Sulla’s appointment • Civil War • The two fight then Sulla leaves to defend the borders. Marius ruled Rome in his absence and died before Sulla’s return. • Sulla’s Rule • Sulla became dictator and restored the Senate’s right to veto acts of the Assembly, • limited the power of the tribunes and the Assembly, • to prevent any march on Rome, reduced the military authority of provincial governors. • Marius and Sulla’s pattern of using the army to gain political power influenced Roman history forever.

41. 32e - identify the ideas and impact of important individuals to includeJulius Caesar Collapse of the Roman Republic59 B.C. Julius Caesar Elected Consul • First Triumvirate (group of 3 rulers) • Caesar, Pompey, Crassus • Ruled for 10 years • Military victories in Gaul gave Caesar increasing power & popularity with Romans • Pompey feared Caesar’s growing power & challenged him • Caesar defeated Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, & Egypt

42. 32e - identify the ideas and impact of important individuals to includeJulius Caesar Collapse of the Roman Republic44 B.C. Julius Caesar Named Dictator for Life • Governed as an absolute ruler • Reforms: • Granted citizenship to many people in the provinces • Expanded senate • Created jobs for thepoor • Construction of new public buildings • Started new colonies where people without land could own property • Increased pay forsoldiers

43. 32e - identify the ideas and impact of important individuals to includeJulius Caesar Collapse of the Roman RepublicMarch 15, 44 B.C. Caesar Assassinated • Some nobles & senators feared Caesar’s growing power • Group of senators, led by Marcus Brutus & Gaius Cassius, stabbed him to death in the senate chamber • March 15 is also known as the Ides of March • His assassination is the basis for the Shakespearean play Julius Caesar

44. The Roman Empire – Beginning43 B.C. Caesar’s Supporters Take Control • Second Triumvirate • Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew & adopted son), Mark Antony, and Lepidus

45. The Roman Empire – BeginningAlliance Crumbles • Octavian forced Lepidus to retire • Octavian & Mark Antony became rivals • Antony met Cleopatra in Egypt while leading troops against Rome’s enemies in Anatolia • They fell in love with each other

46. The Roman Empire – BeginningAlliance Crumbles • Octavian accused Antony of trying to rule Rome from Egypt – civil war erupted • Antony & Cleopatra combined forces to fight Octavian

47. 32e - identify the ideas and impact of important individuals to includeAugustus Caesar The Roman Empire – Beginning31 B.C. Battle of Actium • Naval battle • Octavian defeated Antony & Cleopatra • Later, Antony & Cleopatra committed suicide • Octavian became unchallenged ruler of Rome • Octavian accepted title of Augustus – “exalted one” • Became the first emperor of Rome

48. How was the Roman Empire different from the Roman Republic? • Roman Republic • Ruled by Senate • Roman Empire • Ruled by Emperor

49. G/H • What was the Pax Romana? • Why did the republic decline? • Who was the first emperor of Rome? • Who assumed leadership of the government in times of crisis? What was his term? • How did Julius Caesar gain power? • Which social class had control of the senate? • Describe an important long term effect of the Persian Wars. • Why did the Greeks establish colonies in the Mediterranean?

50. The Roman EmpirePax Romana (“Roman Peace”) • Rome enjoyed 200 years of peace and prosperity