Civil Rights Movement

1. Civil Rights Movement • The movement to establish civil rights in America has been a difficult struggle. • . 1954- Brown v. ( Topeka Kansas) Board of Education- Supreme court case stated that segregated schools were unequal and must be desegregated ( Reversed Plessey v. Ferguson) • States were ordered to begin integration of public schools

2. Thurgood Marshall- led the NAACP legal team for desegregation which resulted in the Brown Decision. • Oliver Hill- led the NAACP legal team in Virginia

3. Results of School Desegregation: • Some rural schools closed • Whites built private academies • White flight from urban schools • White resistance to desegregation was called Massive Resistance.

4. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Dec. 1, 1956- Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to white passengers on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. • Rosa Parks was arrested for violation of Montgomery segregation laws which required black passengers to move to the back of the bus.

5. African Americans boycotted the Montgomery Bus line. The bus line as well as white downtown businesses begin to lose money. • Martin Luther King, Jr. continued to ask African Americans to demonstrate using non violence. • November 13, 1963- US Supreme Court declares that the Montgomery segregation laws are unconstitutional.

6. Local History- before Rosa Parks • Irene Morgan- was arrested in Middlesex County, Virginia in 1944 for refusing to give up her seat on an interstate bus according to the state law in Virginia regarding segregation. • In her case, Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia, the Court ruled that Virginia law was unconstitutional, as interstate commerce was protected by the Commerce clause. • Irene Morgan Kirkaldy died in Gloucester, Va. In 2007.

7. The Little Rock Nine Elizabeth Eckford being denied access to Central High School • In September, 1957 the Federal Court ordered the desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. • Angry mobs, including the governor and the National Guard stopped the nine African American students from entering the school. • President Eisenhower sent in the US Army to provide transportation and protection to the nine African American students as they attended Central High School. • The students were frightened, but demonstrated extreme courage.

8. 1962- James Meredith- first African American student to attend the University of Mississippi James Meredith was escorted to class by Federal Marshalls for his protection.

9. JFK- John Fitzgerald Kennedy • Elected in 1960 • Inaugural: “ … the US would • pay any price, bear any burden, • meet any hardship, support any • friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival or success and liberty… ” • “… Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” • Assassinated November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas. By Lee Harvey Oswald.

10. JFK 25 min.

11. President Johnson-1963-1968 • Vice President Lyndon Johnson becomes President after the assassination of President Kennedy. • Johnson is able to have civil rights legislation passed in Congress and begins an economic aid program for the poor called “The Great Society”

12. August 28, 1963- March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

13. During this march, Martin Luther King, Jr.- delivered his “I have a dream…” speech- which influenced public opinion and demonstrated the power of nonviolent mass protest.

14. Martin Luther King, Jr.

15. 1964- Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( Passed under President Johnson) This Act prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, or gender ( ended segregation of public accommodations)

16. 1965- Voting Rights Act of 1965 • This Act outlawed literacy tests as a requirement to vote and increased African American voters. • Also, passed under President Johnson.

17. 24 Amendment- • This Amendment outlawed the poll tax as a requirement to vote

18. Stokeley Carmichael- African American that coined the phrase “Black Power” in order to unify African American communities. • Bobby Seale and Huey • Newton found the • Black Panther Party

19. Malcolm X- • African American that was a leader of the Nation of Islam and spread the idea of Black Nationalism- in order to promote separate identity and racial unity. He later changed his views and broke with the NOI.

20. Malcolm formed the Organization of African American Unity (OAAU) to support human rights for all . • On February 21, 1965 while making a speech in Manhattan, Malcolm X was assassinated by three members of the NOI.

21. Birmingham, Alabama • Sit-Ins and Boycotts to end segregation begin in Birmingham. • Demonstrators are met with resistance by local police and fire departments.

22. March from Selma to Montgomery • Demonstrators march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama asking for fairness in voter registration.

23. African Americans and whites called Freedom Riders travelled by bus throughout the South attempting to assist African Americans to register to vote and to protest segregation. Freedom Riders were attacked in several cities. Freedom Riders

24. 1968 – a Difficult Year • Tet Offensive in Vietnam – changed American public opinion against the war. • Martin Luther King Jr.- assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968 by James Earl Ray.

25. 1968 • During his campaign for the Presidency, Robert Kennedy ( brother of the assassinated President John. F. Kennedy) was assassinated in Los Angeles, California on June 5, 1968 by Sirhan Sirhan.

26. 1968 • Police and protesters clash at the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago.

27. 1968 • Riots broke out in Chicago, Watts in LA, and many other cities across America

28. 1968 -Johnson declines to run for re election - Prague Spring ends in Czechoslovakia -Nixon elected President – 1968 -Nixon introduced a program • Called “New Federalism”- the states would assume more responsibility for government.

29. 1970’s • The early 1970’s was a time of growing distrust in the National Government. Nixon is re elected in 1972 Nixon begins the China Initiative ( to open relations with China) and visits China in 1972. Soviet –American Détente ( to improve relations with the Soviet Union) – and visits Moscow and signs SALT I ( Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) an agreement with Premier Leonid Brezhnev to limit nuclear missiles or ICBM’s

30. The Pentagon Papers • The Department of Defense had completed a study of Vietnam - 1945-1967. The study revealed that a succession of Presidents and military officials had lied to the American public regarding events in Vietnam. • In 1971, Daniel Ellsberg, who had worked on the project, leaked articles to the New York Times. • Ellsberg was arrested and his offices bugged by Nixon’s Plumbers. Ellsberg was later released. • The Study, now referred to as The Pentagon Papers were released and exposed the intentional deception of the American people about Vietnam, thus increasing the nation’s distrust in government.

31. 1972- The Watergate Scandal In June 1972, five men with cameras and bugging equipment were caught as they broke into the National Democratic Headquarters offices located in the Watergate Building in Washington, DC. It was learned they were trying to find information on the Democrats and also bug offices. After a long Senate select investigation it was revealed that the burglars and the entire plan to discredit the Democrats came from the Committee to Re-elect the President, Nixon and leaders of his White House staff. .

32. It was also revealed that Nixon had taped conversations with his advisors. Nixon refused to release the tapes, claiming executive privilege. Eventually the Supreme Court ruled in UnitedStates v. Nixon that the President could not withhold evidence in an investigation and compelled Nixon to turn over all tapes in their entirety. • Watergate Scandal- Eventually the Washington Post and hearings revealed that Nixon and his staff were directly involved in the break in and cover up. Five men were convicted of burglary and perjury. • Impeachment proceedings then developed against Nixon.

33. Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, the only President to resign from office. • VP Gerald Ford took the oath of office as President. • Ford later pardoned Nixon for any wrongdoing.

34. Richard Nixon

35. A term that applied to the 1960’s youth movement ( mostly on colleges) that rejected the values and authority of mainstream America. The 1969 music festival a Woodstock represented this movement as Hippies rejected standard morals and values. This movement was criticized because it stressed drugs and a withdrawal from responsibilities. In May of 1970 four students were killed and nine wounded by the National Guard at Kent State as they protested the Vietnam war and the bombing of Cambodia. Counter Culture Movement

36. Women in Contempory America • Betty Friedan published the Feminine Mystique in 1963- which examined the isolation and lack of fulfillment felt by many American housewives. • Friedan also helped to establish NOW, the National Organization for Women in 1966-dedicated to establishing equality for women.

37. During the 1980’s, women began to join the workforce outside of the home in large numbers. • 1960- only 35% of women worked outside of the home • 1990- 60% of women worked outside of the home

38. Space • Sally Ride – became the first female US Astronaut.

39. Supreme Court • Sandra Day O’Conner became the first female Supreme Court Justice.

40. Supreme Court • Membership on the Supreme Court continues to include women and minorities: • Sandra Day O’Connor ( 1st woman on the Supreme Court - retired) • Ruth Bader Ginsburg • Elena Kagan • Sonia Sotomayor • Clarence Thomas (2nd African American) Women of the Supreme Court

41. Women’s Issues Today • 1. need for free day care • 2. need for equal pay • 3. end of “pink collar ghetto” or low paying jobs • 4. end of the “ glass ceiling” or limitations of advancement 5. Abortion

42. Rule of Law- Constitutional Issues • Griswold v. Connecticut 1965 – upheld the issue of the constitutional right to marital privacy. • Roe v. Wade ( 1973) Supreme Court decision that ended State regulation of abortion and reinforced privacy issues in that a woman’s choice to have an abortion was protected as a private citizen between her and her doctor.

43. Chamber of Commerce of the USA v. Michael Whiting- upheld the rule of law requiring State of Arizona employees to enforce immigration laws and verify employee eligibility. • Miranda v. Arizona - 1966 Defined the due process clause of the 14th Amendment requiring that criminal suspects must be warned of their rights before being questioned by police.

44. Space Race • 1957- USSR launched Sputnik- 1st satellite in orbit • JFK in 1961, stated we can reach the moon in this decade • John Glenn- 1st American to orbit the earth • Neil Armstrong- July 1969- 1st man to reach the moon “that’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind” • Sally Ride- was the first female American astronaut.

45. Technology • Technology has led to medical improvements: Dr. Jonas Salk- developed the polio vaccine Space exploration Space Shuttle Mars rover Voyager Missions Hubble Telescope

46. Communications Today: • Satellites • GPS • Personal communication devices • 24 hr. cable news • PC’s • Messaging: Examples !!

47. Changes in work, school and health care in recent decades • Telecommuting • On-line course work • Service industries • Improved medical diagnostic and imagining techniques • Outsourcing and off-shoring

48. Recent Immigration • Immigration- Since 1970 immigration patterns have had important effects on the US. • Recent immigrants have come mostly from Asian and Latin American countries, especially Vietnam, Cuban and Mexico.

49. Results of recent immigration has resulted in : • Bilingual education – and ESL courses (English as a second language) • Embargo of Cuba • Cuban exiles have traditionally voted Republican • Mexicans have traditionally voted Democratic • Immigrants work in low paying jobs.

50. President Gerald Ford – 1974-1976 • Ford’s program was called WIN – whip inflation now. • Agreed to the Helsinki Accords- signed by thirty nations to ensure European security. • Ford faced opposition- pardoned Nixon. • Defeated by Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter in 1976.