How Entropy contributes to new Business Opportunities

1. How Entropy contributes to new Business Opportunities by Franz Hoffmann

2. Enjoying your Iced Tea? - A Simplistic Model of our Planet

3. Enjoying your Ice Tea? - A simplistic Model of our Planet 1. The Beginning Ice cubes are cold. Tea is hot at temperature Thot

4. Enjoying your Ice Tea? - A simplistic Model of our Planet 1. The Beginning Ice cubes are cold. Tea is hot at temperature Thot 2. Energy Transformation (= Life) Ice absorbs Heat from tea and melts. Tea cools to temperature Tcool EntropyIncrease = Heat/Tcool – Heat/Thot)

5. Enjoying your Ice Tea? - A simplistic Model of our Planet 1. The Beginning Ice cubes are cold. Tea is hot at temperature Thot 2. Energy Transformation (= Life) Ice absorbs Heat from tea and melts. Tea cools to temperature Tcool EntropyIncrease = Heat/Tcool – Heat/Thot) 3. Equilibrium (= Death) Tea + water become one. Entropy has reached maximum. Once ice cubes are dissolved you can never get them back! (2nd Law of Thermodynamics)

6. How can we avoid Entropy Death? If we get a refrigerator we can make more ice.

7. How can we avoid Entropy Death? If we get a refrigerator we can make more ice. If we get a cooking range we can reheat the tea. To overcome entropy death we need to go outside the glass!

8. Energy and Entropy Facts • Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

9. Energy and Entropy Facts • Energy cannot be created or destroyed. • Energy can only be transformed from one form to another.

10. Energy and Entropy Facts • Energy cannot be created or destroyed. • Energy can only be transformed from one form to another. • Energy transformation is the driver of all natural processes.

11. Energy and Entropy Facts • Energy cannot be created or destroyed. • Energy can only be transformed from one form to another. • Energy transformation is the driver of all natural processes. • Every transformation of energy increases entropy.

12. Energy and Entropy Facts • Energy cannot be created or destroyed. • Energy can only be transformed from one form to another. • Energy transformation is the driver of all natural processes. • Every transformation of energy increases entropy. • When all energy is transformed a system is dead.

13. Global U.S. Entropy Contribution U.S. Energy Conversion Efficiency Plenty of Business Opportunity! U.S. Energy Conversion Share U.S. Population Share Source: www.eia.doe.gov

14. What’s in our Glass? - U.S. Energy Reserves Source: U.S. Energy reserves in BTU, DOE 2005 At today’s energy conversion rates we can boost entropy for another: 250 Years 35 Years 25 Years 30 Years

15. Entropy means serious Business • Energy cannot be created or destroyed. • Energy can only be transformed from one form to another. • Energy transformation is the driver of all natural processes. • Every transformation of energy increases entropy. • When all energy is transformed a system is dead. • Business opportunities: • Slow down entropy! • Expand beyond earth!

16. Entropy leaves us two Options Coal-based Energy Renewable Energy + More efficiency plus recycling Extra-terrestrial sources Energy Transformation hot Buttons

17. Opportunities around Coal • Coal-based electricity will grow • from 52% to 60% over next 25 years • Companies grow: Peabody • - Sales growth +28% • - Profit growth +140% • TXU investment: $10 billion • 11 coal power plants in Texas by 2011 • Government commitment: • $2 billion FutureGen project for • “Zero Emission Coal Technology” • Emission limits for SOx , NOx , CO2 … • California: CO2 emissions -25% in 2020 • NY, NJ: CO2 cap-and-trade system • Big cities are discussing carbon tax Source: TIME Magazine, October 2006

18. The Value of Carbon If product pricing were based on carbon content only The carbon value of CO2 is enormous!

19. Business Opportunity: The Kyoto Protocol Global CO2 credit trading market: CO2 is traded among members at €20/t (about $25): • Credit trading is possible for avoidedCO2 and for CO2extractedfrom the global CO2 cycle • World market size: $168 billion • U.S. market size: $40 billion Source: Marland, G., T.A. Boden, and R. J. Andres. 2005, Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.

20. Coal-fired Power Plants - More than Electricity! Undesired By-Products = Opportunity Electricity Boiler House CO2 , Mercury, Radioactive, … De-NOx De-SOx Flue Gas Air Generator Sulfite / Sulfate Fly Ash Bottom Ash / Slag Coal Source: Termuehlen, H., Clean and efficient coal-fired power plants, 2003, The American Society of mechanical Engineers

21. Business Opportunity: Limestone Source: Oates, J.A.H., Lime and Limestone, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany, 1998 • A coal-fired electric power station with • 1500MW • 2% sulfur coal • Removal of sulfur in flue gas by 90% • Requires 225,000 tons/year of limestone!

22. Business Opportunity: Coal Combustion By-Products: Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Clean Coal & Natural Gas Power Systems, Coal Byproducts Research, 2005 Of 108 million short tons of by-products produced about 70% were disposed of in landfills!

23. Business Opportunity: CO2 Avoidance Fly ash = Low Cost Cement Substitute • 1 ton of fly ash avoids 0.8 tons of CO2from cement production • Improves concrete quality due to its reaction with Ca-Hydroxide during setting process • CO2 avoidance credit Cement industry is second-largest CO2 producer !

24. Business Opportunity: Nano-tech Cement • Energetically Modified Cement (EMC) • Silica fume substitutes cement (CO2 avoidance) • High intensity grinding creates nano-scale defects • Nano-defects boost concrete properties • Synthetic Nano-Silica: • Amorphous, colloidal silica with 1-50 nm diameter • Reduces Portland cement use (CO2 avoidance) • Nano-features boost concrete properties

25. CO2 Reaction with Acidic Acid • Industrial wastes with CaO content • e.g. Furnace Slag • Low price (> $0.2/ton) • Precipitated Calcium Carbonate • Used as paper filler/coating pigment • $150/ton + CO2 credit • Consumption 8 Mt/year SiO2 Business Opportunity: CO2 Sequestration

26. Great Reading – Scientific American 09/2006

27. Business Opportunity: Solar Power in the U.S. Slower than global growth!

28. Business Opportunity: Solar-powered CO2 Recycling Process: + CO2 Algae Nutrients Sunlight Biomass • Sell to processing plants • Convert into biofuel • Trade CO2 credit Combine with high organic load waste water for anaerobic energy recycling Source: www.greenfuelonline.com

29. Business Opportunity: Biofuels

30. Biofuel Incentives

31. Business Opportunity: Biomass/Biofuel from Wood Eastern States: Catch up with cellulose-based biomass! • Now: Starch or Sugar • Plants make ethanol from • Barley • Milo • Wheat • Starch • Potato waste • Cheese whey • Brewery & beverage waste • Future: Cellulose • Starch and sugar are only a • small portion of plant matter. • The bulk is cellulose and • hemi-cellulose. • New enzyme developments • allow to break these down.

32. Business Opportunity: Wind Energy Source: www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/windpoweringamerica

33. Business Opportunity: Wind Power Source: www.resourcesaver.com/file/toolmanager/CustomO86C299F54663.pdf#search=%22wind%20power%20toolkit%22

34. Wind Energy – State-of-the-Art Positive: Distributed, self-sufficient, renewable energy source. Problem: What if the wind does not blow or the sun does not shine? Source: 2001 DOE Hydrogen Program Review, NREL/CP-570-30535

35. Business Opportunity: Wind Energy – The next Generation Renewable + storage + 2-way + fuel cell + electrolyzer would be cool! Source: 2001 DOE Hydrogen Program Review, NREL/CP-570-30535

36. Business Opportunity: Micro Power Plant

37. Business Opportunity: Green Tags and Green Fees You pay for the benefit of displacing other non-renewable sources. Example: expedia.com now asks if you want to pay a voluntary green fee when you book.

38. Tax Incentives for Renewable Sources (incomplete)

39. This presentation has reached its entropy maximum. Thank you!