Energy Review... DUH!!<3333 HART.

1. Energy Review... DUH!!<3333HART. AP Bio Chapters 8, 9, and 10 Taught by Steven Daniel Feiler<3 AND Asella is EVIL. D;<

2. Match... MS. BABBEY IS EVIL TOO. • A. Uses oxygen 1. Glycolysis • B. Make oxygen 2. Kreb’s Cycle • C. Uses CO2 3. ETS / ETC • 4. Makes CO2 4. Light Rxn • 5. Uses glucose 5. Calvin Cycle • 6. Makes glucose

3. What is an anabolic reaction? Give an example. (and lies) • Builds molecules using energy • Synthesis of proteins from amino acids • Photosynthesis

4. What is an catabolic reaction? Give an example. • Breaking down molecules, releasing energy • Cellular respiration, breaking down glucose

5. What is an endergonic reaction? Give an example. • A reaction that requires an input of energy • Making ATP from ADP + P • Photosynthesis

6. What is an exergonic reaction? Give an example. • A reaction that releases energy • Cellular Respiration • Breaking down ATP into ADP + P

7. What is energy coupling? • Using energy from exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactions

8. What is ATP? • Energy • Adenosine Tri Phosphate • Energy is stored in the electrons in the bond between the last P

9. What is phosphorylation? Which enzyme phosphorylates? • Adding a P to a molecule • Kinase

10. What is an enzyme? What does it do? • A protein • A catalyst • Decrease activation energy • Makes a reaction go faster

11. What is a substrate? • Something an enzyme works on

12. What is an active site? • Where an enzyme and substrate bind • Where the reaction occurs

13. What is denaturation? • Changing the shape of an enzyme which changes its function

14. What are activators? Define, list, and describe • Non-proteins enzyme helpers • Coenzymes are organic: vitamins • Cofactors are inorganic: metal atoms like zinc, iron, copper

15. What is inhibition? Define, list, describe • Chemicals that prevent enzyme activity • Competitive: binds to the active site • Non-competitive: binds somewhere else and changes the shape

16. What is oxidation? • Loss of an electron

17. What is reduction? • Gain of electrons

18. What’s the equation for cell resp? Ender or exer? Anabolic or catabolic? • 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy • Exergonic • Catabolic

19. Where does the oxygen go after cell resp? • Into water

20. Why is oxygen needed in cell resp? • To act as the final electron acceptor of the ETS

21. What happens to the carbon from glucose after cell resp? • Goes to CO2 and is breathed out

22. Where does glycolysis occur? • cytoplasm

23. What happens in glycolysis? • Glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid • 2 NADH are made • 2 ATP are made

24. Where does Kreb’s occur? • Mitochondrial matrix

25. What are NADs and FADs? • Coenzymes that carry electrons to the ETC

26. Where does the ETC occur? • In the cristae

27. What happens to the electrons in the ETC? • Travel down proteins in the membrane • Finally accepted by oxygen

28. What happens to the hydrogen ions in the ETC? • Build up on one side of the membrane • Go down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase • Provide energy to make ATP

29. What are the end products of the ETC? • 34 ATP • Water

30. What’s the equation for photosynthesis? Anabolic or Catabolic? Endergonic or exergonic? • 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Anabolic • Endergonic

31. What are stomata? • Openings in leaves that let carbon dioxide in and oxgyen out

32. Where do light dependent reactions occur? • In thylakoid membranes

33. What goes into light reactions? What comes out? • In: water • Out: oxgyen, ATP, NADPH

34. Where does the Calvin Cycle occur? • Stroma • Fluid in the chloroplast

35. What goes into the dark reactions? What comes out? • In: Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH • Out: G3P, ADP, NADP

36. What is rubisco, what does it do? • The most abundant enzyme on earth • Fixes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere onto RuBP in the Calvin Cycle

37. What are C3 plants? Name some. • Regular plants that do normal photosynthesis • Rice, wheat, most plants

38. What are C4 plants? Name some. • Plants that are adapted to hot, dry climates and physically separate where the Calvin Cycle takes place • Corn, sugarcane

39. What are CAM plants? List some. • Plants that only open stomata at night and do the Calvin Cycle during the day with saved up CO2 • Cactus, jade, pineapples

40. If a reaction requires energy, what kind is it? • Endergonic

41. Do plants have mitochondria? • Yes, and they make ATP

42. What is the main way ATP is made during cell resp? • By pumping protons (hydrogen ions) down their concentration gradients through ATP Synthase to make ATP

43. Which types of plants do carbon fixation the best? • C3 • C4 and CAM do NOT, and require special ways of doing photosynthesis

44. In the beginning of time, how did single celled prokaryotes get ATP? • Glycolysis only

45. If stomata close, what happens to the plant? • They can’t get CO2

46. Do prokaryotic cells have chloroplasts? • No • But they can still do photosynthesis because they have chlorophyll stored in thylakoids

47. What happens if ATP goes through hydrolysis? • Energy is released and can be used in reactions • ADP is made

48. During what process is oxygen released? • Light reactions of photosynthesis

49. During which reactions is carbon dioxide released? • Kreb’s

50. Where is carbon dioxide used? • Calvin (dark) Rxn