HSPE Science Review

1. HSPE Science Review Questions 1-60

2. Why do atoms bond to one another? a. to gain an octet of electrons b. to become happy atoms c. to gain kinetic energy d. to become lower in potential energy

3. Why do atoms bond to one another? a. to gain an octet of electrons. This only happens in covalent bonding b. to become happy atoms. It has not been proven that atoms have emotions c. to gain kinetic energy. A bond is formed because of a very large decrease in the kinetic energy due to the molecular orbital having a significantly decreased gradient in the bond region. d. to become lower in potential energy. By decreasing its potential energy an atom creates a more stable arrangement of matter.

4. 2. Which equation is not consistent with the law of conservation of mass? a. S + O2 SO2 b. KClO3 KCl + O2 c. CaCO3 CaO + CO2 d. Ca + S  CaS

5. Which equation is not consistent with the law of conservation of mass? a. S + O2  SO2 This has equal numbers of each atom on each side of the equation. b. KClO3  KCl + O2 The number of Oxygen atoms on each side of the equation is different. c. CaCO3  CaO + CO2 This has equal numbers of each atom on each side of the equation. d. Ca + S  CaS This has equal numbers of each atom on each side of the equation.

6. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions cause a. atomic nuclei to change. b. electrons to release large amounts of energy. c. protons and electrons to split. d. neutrons and electrons to fuse.

7. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions cause a. atomic nuclei to change. Fusion is when the nuclei of two small atoms join to form a larger nucleus; Fission is when one large atomic nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei. b. electrons to release large amounts of energy. Both process deal with the nucleus of an atom and not the surround electrons. c. protons and electrons to split. Electrons cannot be broken down into smaller particles. d. neutrons and electrons to fuse. Fission is when nuclei break apart so fusion is impossible here.

8. In an isotope for a particular element, a. the number of neutrons vary. b. the numbers of electrons vary. c. the number of protons vary. d. radioactivity is always emitted.

9. 4. In an isotope for a particular element, a. the number of neutrons vary. This is TRUE; the different number of neutrons causes isotopes of the same element to have different mass numbers. b. the numbers of electrons vary. The number of electrons does not affect differences between isotopes of same element. c. the number of protons vary. A change in the number of protons would change the identity of the element in question. d. radioactivity is always emitted. Only unstable atoms are capable of giving off radioactive energy. Not all isotopes are unstable.

10. 5. What type of attractive force is found between atoms that are bonded to one another? a. electrostatic b. magnetic c. gravitational d. nuclear

11. 5. What type of attractive force is found between atoms that are bonded to one another? a. electrostatic This is the force of attraction between an electron and the nucleus of an atom. When electrons of one atom are more strongly attracted to the nucleus of another atom it cause the two atoms to come together in a chemical bond. b. magnetic This is a force that is caused by a magnetic field and will be exerted on any nearby charged particle. c. gravitational This is the force shared between the masses of two bodies. d. nuclear This is the force of attraction between protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

12. 6. A student hits a hockey puck which slides across a frozen lake. The force required to keep the puck sliding at a constant velocity across the ice is: a. zero Newton’s. b. equal to the weight of the puck. c. the weight of the puck divided by the mass of the puck. d. the mass of the puck multiplied by the weight of the puck.

13. 6. A student hits a hockey puck which slides across a frozen lake. The force required to keep the puck sliding at a constant velocity across the ice is: a. zero Newton’s.It is the law of inertia (Newton’s first law) an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by an outside force and ice is nearly frictionless b. equal to the weight of the puck. does not need a force to keep in motion c. the weight of the puck divided by the mass of the puck. Does not follow Newton’s second law. d. the mass of the puck multiplied by the weight of the puck. Does not follow F=mg Answer:

14. A wave is transporting energy from left to right. The particles of the medium are moving back and forth in a leftward and rightward direction. Which type of wave is this? a. gravitational b. electromagnetic c. transverse d. longitudinal

15. 7. A wave is transporting energy from left to right. The particles of the medium are moving back and forth in a leftward and rightward direction. Which type of wave is this? a. gravitational This is an example of a transverse wave. b. electromagnetic A transverse wave that does not require a medium. c. transverse Particles move up and down as energy moves to the right. d. longitudinalA longitudinal wave: particles moves back and forth in a leftward and rightward direction parallel to the direction of the energy Answer:

16. 8.Each figure below shows a force measured in Newtons pushing on a block. If there are no other forces pushing on the block, in which case is the acceleration of the block greatest? a. c. b. d.

17. 8. Each figure below shows a force measured in Newtons pushing on a block. If there are no other forces pushing on the block, in which case is the acceleration of the block greatest? This question relates to Newton’s second law of motion. a. c. b. d. Answer: 1 Newton is less than 4 kilograms. They are equal, they cancel each other so there would be no movement. They are equal, they cancel each other so there would be no movement. The net force is greater.

18. 9. A person produces two sound waves with a flute, one immediately after the other. Both sound waves have the same pitch, but the second one is louder. Which of the following properties is greater for the second sound wave? a. Frequency b. Amplitude c. Wavelength d. Speed in air

19. 9. A person produces two sound waves with a flute, one immediately after the other. Both sound waves have the same pitch, but the second one is louder. Which of the following properties is greater for the second sound wave? a. FrequencyRelates to pitch not loudness. b. AmplitudeLoudness relates to amplitude of a sound wave. c. WavelengthRelates to the distance between repeating units. d. Speed in airRelates to how much distance a wave travels in a given amount of time. Answer:

20. 10.Air in the atmosphere continuously moves by convection. At the equator, air rises; at the poles it sinks. This occurs because a. the Earth’s ozone layer is thinner at the equator than at the poles. b. the Earth’s magnetic field is stronger at the poles than at the equator. c. warm air can hold less water vapor than can cold air. d. warm air is less dense than cold air.

21. Air in the atmosphere continuously moves by convection. At the equator, air rises; at the poles it sinks. This occurs because a. the Earth’s ozone layer is thinner at the equator than at the poles. This statement is false b. the Earth’s magnetic field is stronger at the poles than at the equator. Magnetic fields are not related to convection. c. warm air can hold less water vapor than can cold air. This statement is false d. warm air is less dense than cold air. The warmer air expands becoming less dense than the cooler air around it. The cooler air, which now has greater density, moves toward the ground.

22. 11. Which information indicates that new seafloor rock is forming along the mid-ocean ridge and then moving horizontally away from the ridge? a. Most volcanoes are located under ocean water. b. Paleomagnetic studies of the ocean floor demonstrate that the orientation of Earth’s magnetic field has remained constant. c. Fossils of marine organisms can be found at high elevations. d. The age of the seafloor rock increases as the distance from the mid-ocean ridge increases.

23. 11. Which information indicates that new seafloor rock is forming along the mid-ocean ridge and then moving horizontally away from the ridge? a. Most volcanoes are located under ocean water. Volcanoes are the results of hot spots in the middle of a tectonic plate, or where subduction occurs between two tectonic plates. b. Paleomagnetic studies of the ocean floor demonstrate that the orientation of Earth’s magnetic field has remained constant. This statement is false. The magnetic field goes through a cycle. c. Fossils of marine organisms can be found at high elevations. High elevations would be vertical, the question asks about horizontal d. The age of the seafloor rock increases as the distance from the mid-ocean ridge increases. As new rock forms along the ridge, it pushes the older rock out.

24. 12. Which of the following determines most characteristics and future events of a star’s existence? a. size (diameter) b. temperature c. color d. mass

25. 12. Which of the following determines most characteristics and future events of a star’s existence? a. size (diameter) Size does not always relate to mass, could have a largediameter, but be less dense. b. temperature Temperature is related to the age of the star. c. color Color is related to temperature; hot stars are younger and burn blue; cooler, younger stars burn red. d. mass Thermonuclear fusion occurs at a faster rate in massive stars, thus large stars use all of their fuel in a shorter length of time. The mass of a star determines its fate in the life cycle of a star.

26. 13. Which of the following best describes the expansion of the universe? a. Expansion involves the spreading of matter into infinite and empty space. b. As space expands, matter spreads out to fill up the empty space. c. As space expands, the empty space between matter increases. d. As space expands, matter continually is created to fill that space.

27. 13. Which of the following best describes the expansion of the universe? a. Expansion involves the spreading of matter into infinite and empty space. Matter is not spreading out. b. As space expands, matter spreads out to fill up the empty space. Matter is not spreading out. c. As space expands, the empty space between matter increases. The red shift shows us the distant galaxies are moving away from Earth. d. As space expands, matter continually is created to fill that space. Not true due to the Law of Conservation of Matter.

28. 14. Which of the following is the best description of the Big Bang Theory? a. The Big Bang Theory is the scientific explanation of how the Sun, Earth and the rest of the solar system were created at the beginning of time. b. The Big Bang Theory states that pre-existing matter was compacted into a hot and dense for and suddenly exploded into infinite, empty space. c. The Big Bang Theory is just one of the ideas about the universe’s origin, many of which are equally respected by the scientific community. d. The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing model about the universe’s origin and is supported by observations of the universe’s expansion.

29. 14. Which of the following is the best description of the Big Bang Theory? a. The Big Bang Theory is the scientific explanation of how the Sun, Earth and the rest of the solar system were created at the beginning of time. The Solar System is believed to have formed according the Nebular Hypothesis. b. The Big Bang Theory states that pre-existing matter was compacted into a hot and dense for and suddenly exploded into infinite, empty space. Answer D is better because it has supporting observations c. The Big Bang Theory is just one of the ideas about the universe’s origin, many of which are equally respected by the scientific community. False, the Big Bang Theory is the most widely accepted. d. The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing model about the universe’s origin and is supported by observations of the universe’s expansion. It is the prevailing model, and Edwin Hubble found experimental evidence that distant galaxies are moving away from Earth as seen with the Red Shift.

30. 15. Earth’s seasons are the result of a. the greenhouse effect, where the atmosphere is thicker in the summer and thinner in the winter. b. solar flares, which occur more frequently in the summer than in the winter. c. its elliptical orbit, causing Earth to be closer to the Sun in the summer and farther in the winter. d. earth’s tilt, causing the number of daylight hours to decrease from summer to winter.

31. 15. Earth’s seasons are the result of a. the greenhouse effect, where the atmosphere is thicker in the summer and thinner in the winter. This would effect climate all year, not just seasons. b. solar flares, which occur more frequently in the summer than in the winter. Solar flares do not effect seasons. c. its elliptical orbit, causing Earth to be closer to the Sun in the summer and farther in the winter. Earth is actually closer to the sun during winter d. Earth’s tilt, causing the number of daylight hours to decrease from summer to winter. Because of the tilt, the pole that points towards the sun experiences summer. This means less sunlight gets scattered before reaching the ground because it has less distance to travel through the atmosphere. In addition, the high sun angle produces long days. The pole that points away from the sun experiences winter, which has shorter days.

32. 16. Which of the following is (are) important concepts(s) in Darwin’s theory of natural selection? I. Species do not change over time. II. There is variability of characteristics within a population of organisms. III. A single organism can acquire traits over their lifetimes that are then passed to its offspring. a. I only b. II only c. I and II only d. II and III only

33. 16. Which of the following is (are) important concepts (s) in Darwin’s theory of natural selection? I. Species do not change over time. Species do change over time. II. There is variability of characteristics within a population of organisms. True III. A single organism can acquire traits over their lifetimes that are then passed to its offspring. True a. I only Not true. b. II only True, but so is III. c. I and II only Statement I is not true. d. II and III only Both of these statements are true.

34. 17. Which of the following is NOT a structural difference between RNA and DNA? a. A DNA molecule has two strands, while RNA has one strand. b. DNA contains the base thymine, while RNA contains the base uracil. c. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA it is ribose. d. Because of their sizes DNA can leave the nucleus and RNA cannot.

35. 17. Which of the following is NOT a structural difference between RNA and DNA? a. A DNA molecule has two strands, while RNA has one strand. True Statement. b. DNA contains the base thymine, while RNA contains the base uracil. True Statement. c. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA it is ribose. True Statement. d. Because of their sizes DNA can leave the nucleus and RNA cannot. Due to its size, DNA cannot leave the nucleus but RNA can.

36. 18. Which organelle is involved in cellular respiration in both animal AND plant cells? a. Nucleus b. Chloroplasts c. Mitochondria d. Vacuole

37. 18. Which organelle is involved in cellular respiration in both animal AND plant cells? a. Nucleus Contains DNA and manages the cell’s functions. b. Chloroplasts Found in plants only. c. Mitochondria Sight of cellular respiration in both animals and plants. d. Vacuole Used to store nutrients not for respiration.

38. 19. Which of the following characteristics of rocks can be caused by the slow cooling of magma? A large crystals B colorful grains C smooth cover D symmetrical shape

39. 19. Which of the following characteristics of rocks can be caused by the slow cooling of magma? A. large crystals - Slow cooling allows the crystals to form more completely before solidifying. Not B. colorful grains - Many rocks have colorful grains, but the color is a function of the elements included. Not C. smooth cover - Smoothness is common, but it is a product of weathering and/or crystal shape. Not D. symmetrical shape - Symmetry, like other traits, is mostly the produce of the type of minerals in the rock.

40. 20. A law is an explanation of scientific phenomenon that is • largely accepted by scientists. • based on observations. • supported by most scientific data. • proven and is without exception.

41. 20. A law is an explanation of scientific phenomenon that is Not A. Laws are completely accepted as fact. Not B. Laws are based on mathematical proof, not observations. Not C. The option allows for some data that is not supported. D. Option D completes the definition of a “law”.

42. 21. After data is gathered from an experiment, doing which of these will most help make results more reliable? • asking the teacher to check data • changing the variables for another experiment • repeating the experiment for additional data • reporting the information on a table

43. 21. After data is gathered from an experiment, doing which of these will most help make results more reliable? Not A. The teacher will have nothing to add to the validity to the numbers. Not B. Changing variables compromises the data. C. Reliability is dependant on repeatability. Not D. Presentation of the report does not affect reliability.

44. 22. Light is best refracted by • mirrors • wood • glass • metal

45. 22. Light is best refracted by Not A. Mirrors typically reflect, not refract, light. Not B. Wood is opaque; therefore, it cannot refract light. C. Glass is a medium with a different density than air. Glass is translucent enough to have light pass through. Not D. Metal is opaque; therefore, it cannot refract light.

46. 23. Chemical reaction rates can most effectively be increased by • decreasing reactant particle size • increasing volume of the container • decreasing temperature • increasing the number of reactants

47. 23. Chemical reaction rates can most effectively be increase by A. Decreasing particle size increases the surface area expose for reaction. Not B. Increasing volume may cause reactants to collide less frequently and slow rate of reaction. Not C. Decreasing temperature reduces the rate of particle collision. Not D. Adding reactants may cause competitive inhibition of reaction, decreasing the reaction rate.

48. 24. Which of these items can be best used as in inclined plane? • wheelbarrow • tennis racquet • door knob • staircase

49. 24. Which of these items can be best used as in inclined plane? Not A. The handles work as a lever and the wheel and axle helps with movement. Not B. The tennis racquet adds mechanical advantage because of increased centripetal force. It is impractical to use a racquet as an inclined plane. Not C. The doorknob has a wheel and axle element with the locking mechanism. The knob itself acts as a lever. D. The staircase can be used to move objects vertically.

50. 25. A mutation in which of these types of cells will affect offspring characteristics? • skin • lung • gland • gamete