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Adjectival Flection and N-deletion in the Dutch Dialect Regions

Variflex Variation in Inflection resumé van het nieuwe NWO-programma 21 augustus 2003 UVA. Ton Goeman Meertens Instituut / KNAW - Amsterdam. Adjectival Flection and N-deletion in the Dutch Dialect Regions. The role of morphology in a phonological process.

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Adjectival Flection and N-deletion in the Dutch Dialect Regions

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  1. Variflex Variation in Inflection resumé van het nieuwe NWO-programma 21 augustus 2003 UVA Ton Goeman Meertens Instituut / KNAW - Amsterdam Adjectival Flection and N-deletion in the Dutch Dialect Regions

  2. The role of morphology in a phonological process • DoesMorphological conditioning emerge from Phonology? • A. Anttila “Morphological Conditioned phonological alternations” • ‘morphological conditions emerge in environments where the phonological conditions are at their weakest’ • Are there indications for level ordering:? • N-deletion on every level • So that uninflected&(un)derived forms show more deletion than inflected forms

  3. Morphological or (morpho)syntactical? • In our case w.r.t N-deletion: • Do we have to think primarily in syntactic terms confronted with morphological categories? • Or, are morphological categories explained away by functional syntactic terms? • N.B. I can not yet answer the parallel question • Is morphological conditioning emerging from syntax?

  4. Thecase • Word final N-deletion • Adnominal word final -N • Word final -N in other Morphological categories

  5. Adnominal -N in Masc. Adjectives • Ene goeien oogst “a good harvest” • Enen droge kerel “a flat character” • Enen houten boom “a wooden beam” • N retained if before: • VOWEL • T/D • B • R • N Deleted: before the other CONSONANTS

  6. N.B. • This phonological conditioning is variable • Variability according to region

  7. Word final -N in other Word Classes • Adv/Prep buiten ‘out of’ > buite • Noun sing.: jongen ‘boy’ > jonge • Noun plur.: jongen ‘young animals’ > jonge • Verb infinitive: geven ‘to give’ > geve • Verb pret. particip.: gegeven ‘(been) given’ > gegeve • Verb present: zij geven ‘they give’ > geve • Verb past: zij gaven ‘they gave’ > gave

  8. Language internal factors: Phonology • Word internal phonology: • Influence of preceding consonant • Labial, Labiodental, Coronal, Velar, Liquid • Phrase-phonology: • Influence of following • Vowel, h, t/d, b, nasal, r, other Consonant or Pause

  9. Word internal Phonology: -(e)N after Vowel & Consonant Darkgreen: 0-12 % to Darkbrown: 88-100 %

  10. Phrasal Phonology

  11. -N before Vowel Non-adnominal(black) Adnominal(brown) Ten onder?

  12. -N before H….Non-adnominal(black) Adnominal(brown)

  13. -N before T, D….Non-adnominal(black) Adnominal(brown)

  14. -N before B….Non-adnominal(black) Adnominal(brown)

  15. -N before other Consonants….Non-adnominal(black) Adnominal(brown)

  16. How is the fate of Wordfinal -Nin the other Morphological Classes?

  17. Morphological Classes: N-deletion in green area’sAdv/Adj/P/Num(mono-) Nsing (mono-) Nplur (bi-morph.) Darkgreen: 0-12 % (deletion) to Darkbrown: 88-100 % (retained)

  18. Morphological Classes: N-deletie in green area’sInfinitive Past Participle Finite Verb (plur.) Darkgreen: 0-12 % to Darkbrown: 88-100 % (deletion) (retained)

  19. Morphology…… • What are the relevant Morphological classifications?

  20. Morphological Theory:classes are allocated differently by morphological characteristics: 9 divisions • 1 Syntactical Word classes (A P N V ) • eigen (A), tegen (P), Pasen (Nsing.), glazen (Nplur.), krijgen (V) • 2 Finite-Infinite • jongen ‘young animals’(finite) – jongen ‘boy’ (sing.), tegen (P) • zij lopen (finite) -lopen (infinitive), gelopen (Past Participle)

  21. 3 Derivation-Inflection • krijgen (plur.) V • krijgen (infinitive) N, gekregen (past participle) N • Flection after/on) Derivation (default) • 4 Affixal-Nonaffixal = Bi-morphemic-Monomorphemic • jongen Nplur. ‘young animals’ • jongen Nsing.‘boy’ • 5 Finer grained morphological classification than A P N and V: • Afin, APinf, NOMinf, NOMfin, Infinitive, Pastparticiple, Present, Past

  22. 6 Morphological Theory; Booij 1994Lexical Phonology:- Inherent inflection- Contextual inflection

  23. 7 MorphologicalTheory: Kiparsky (1972):Strong-Weak Features

  24. 8 Theory: Kiparsky (1994) w.r.t. Word final t-deletion: strata • Morphological conditioning by constraint interaction • Deletion is the outcome by different ordering of PARSE with a family of SyllableWellFormednes Conditions: • SyllWFF-root ≈ no inflection eigen • SyllWFF-stem ≈ irregular inflection kregen (plur. Pret.) gekregen (part. Pret.) • SyllWFF-word≈ regular derivation & flection krijgen (inf.) krijgen (plur. Pres.)

  25. 9 Theory: Morpho-syntactic (Kean):N-Plur and Infinitive are derivational, all other Verbal forms are inflectional • Agrammatic patients • Deficit where the ‘minimal word’ remains intact • Patients drop inflection in A, V • (un)derived words - derived Nplur. and Infinitive - remain intact

  26. Survey of Morphological features in 9 Morphological Models

  27. Data selected from GoemanTaeldemanVanReenen-database • Selected items: • 114 wordforms • Adjectives • Adverbs • Prepositions • Nouns • Verbs http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/projecten/mand/MANDintroE.html

  28. Social characteristics in database

  29. Dialect areas& Number of localities

  30. What are the structural differences between dialect area’s? • Discern the significant factors that condition the variation • The relative strenght of those factors • A. What is the influence of social context: • Social characteristics of speakers and interaction with fieldworkers • B. Influence of linguistic structural factors: N-deletion Unexplainable restfactors linguistic social 0%…………………………………………………100%

  31. The Strategy is Partitioning • Partition off all unexplained variation • Partition off all non-linguistic variation • (social factors and interaction in fieldwork) • Then the linguist gets his part • The real linguistic variation, uncontaminated by non-linguistic factors: linguistic structure

  32. Patterns in the dialectsGeneral structure of models used: • Linguistic variables • Explanatory Phonological variables • Wordphonology: Influence of preceding Consonant • Phrase-phonology: Influence of following Vocaal, h, t/d, b, nasal, r, other Consonant or Pause • Explanatory Morphological variables • The 9 Morphological Classifications allocated differently by Theoretical positions

  33. Structure of models 2Social factors • Main effects • Sex speaker • Age speaker • Occupational prestige speaker • Sex fieldworker • Social Interactions (accommodation of speaker) • Sex speaker x Sex fieldworker • Age speaker x Sex fieldworker • Occupational prestige speaker x Sex fieldworker • N.B. Fieldworkers (students) were young and their Occupational prestige is rather undefined yet • Given the areal differences: analysis by Region (5) • This gives 5 (Region) * 9 (Morph. Classifications) = 45 statistical models to test for

  34. Which of the models are best? • Those morphological allocations that explain most of the variation • Measure % Variance explained • Over all 5 regions • In what follows: • Morphological Models are ordered from left to right as best to less

  35. Percent explained variance in 9 different Morphological Models Best ………………………………………………………………………………………………. Less

  36. Choose the best Morphological Model (9) over 5 geographical Regions:Percent explained Variance: Best model is Morphological Classes, followed by Derivation-Inflection

  37. Conclusion 1 • A division between inflected and non-inflected forms has less explanatory power • Therefore, a stratum view based on these divisions is not applicable here

  38. Conclusion 2: Social effects • All main social factors and interactions are significant • Except: • North-East main effect: sex fieldworker • West main effects: age, occupational prest interaction: age*sex fieldworker • Zealand main effects: sex speaker, occupational prest interaction: sex speaker*sex fieldworker • South main effect: occupational prestige interactions: all

  39. Concentration on Linguistic Main Effects • Model by Region • To see where Morphology outweighs Phonology • The effect of Word internal Phonology is less than that of Phrase Phonology

  40. PhrasePhonexceeds Morph ………………… Morph exceeds PhrPhon ………………… Morph exceeds PhrPhon …………………. PhrPhon exceeds Morph …………………. PhrPhon exceeds Morph

  41. Conclusions 3 • In all regions, Morphology is a significant factor • In two regions: North and West, Morphology is stronger than Phonology • West: Nouns inhibit N-deletion • North: masc Adj. show N-deletion, all other categories inhibit it • In North and West, phonological conditions (albeit significant) are relatively weaker than in the other regions and morphology is stronger (cfr. Antilla) • In the River Area and in Zealand Morphology could grow stronger

  42. Conclusions (last) • There are only weak indications for level ordering • The best model does not embody it • The second best model (Derivation-Inflection) fares best in the North-East • Inflection pushes deletion • This runs counter to expectation: in level ordering (un)derived forms should show more deletion

  43. Pending Problems • Is morphology emerging from syntax? • Antilla-style: where syntactic factors are weak • I have no answer to that now • Indications via morpho-syntactic aspects of the models • Remember ------->> • Survey of Morphological features in 9 Morphological Models

  44. Survey of Morphological features in 9 Morphological Models (repeated)

  45. Global Character of these Morphological Models • Morphology (Morpho)Syntax • Morphological Classes Major Wordclasses APNV • Derivation-Inflection Derivation-Inflection • Affixal-Non-affixal • Inherent-Contextual Inherent-Contextual • Strong-Weak Strong-Weak • Syllable-WF Morphosyntax (agramm.)

  46. The result • That Morphological Classes is best • Thus • a very traditional Priscinianus-type of morphological model • is better than any other model • Specifically this result suggests • That it is better than models with syntactic ramifications

  47. Workshop Variation in Inflection Meertens Instituut August 21, 2003 Ton Goeman +31 (0) 20 - 46 28 532 ton.goeman@meertens.knaw.nl www.meertens.knaw.nl/projecten/mand/MANDintroE.html Meertens InstituutAmsterdam-Netherlands Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

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