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Adjectival/Adverbial Phrase. ENGL 341. OVERVIEW OF LAST WEEK. A summary of NP: The structure/internal components/constituents The determiner The pre/modifier The head The post-modifier A review of exercises. ADJECTIVAL PHRASE. Composed potentially of 3 structural elements: The head
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Adjectival/Adverbial Phrase ENGL 341
OVERVIEW OF LAST WEEK • A summary of NP: • The structure/internal components/constituents • The determiner • The pre/modifier • The head • The post-modifier • A review of exercises
ADJECTIVAL PHRASE • Composed potentially of 3 structural elements: • The head • Modifier (m) • Post-head (post-modifier /complement) • This gives us the ff structure: • M + H + Post-mod + C • Very + good + enough + at tennis (m h post-m c) • Extremely fond of you (m h c) • Very thoughtful of you • Very glad that you came • Happy indeed • Honest enough • The AdjP no matter how many words form its constituents, can be replaced by a single adjective (example )
The head of AdjP is always an adjective which is indispensible in the AdjP. • Besides it can stand on its own • In most cases the head functions as a modifier in an NP • A very big house • An interesting story • Bad news • The pre-modifiers in the AdjP are usually DEGREE ADVERBS – very, quite, extremely, considerably, hardly, etc • Items that can come after the head (post-head) are post-modifiers (good indeed, sorry enough) and complements • The difference between a post-modifier and a complement is that the complement is controlled by the head whereas the post-modifier is not
Post-modifiers: the intensifiers - indeed/enough • Interesting indeed • Sorrowful indeed • Large/big enough • Complements: • Finite clauses: • We are proud that you mad it • They are certain that he took it • We are angry that you shouted at us • He is sad that you are leaving • Non-finite clauses: • You are clever to have made an A • He is eager to do it • we are sorry to hear about the accident • He is not willing to see you • The water is not safe to drink • Adjectives that take non-finite clauses (kind, clever, bound, likely, foolish
Complements: • Prepositional phrase complements: • Angry about the disappointment • Concerned about our well-being • Alarmed at the new • Hurt by his remarks • Full of vitality • Kind of you • Opposed to new things • Fed up with the class • Degree complements: • More friendly than Kofi • Easier than we thought • Less endowed than Frank • The smartest in the class • The most famous of his peers
ADVERBIAL PHRASES • Composed potentially of 3 element: • A head (H) • The pre-modifier • The post-head: either a post-modifier or a complement • The head is always realised by an ADVERB, which is the most important element in the group • He arrived early • We nearly forgot about you • The pre-modifiers in the AdvPare usually realised by DEGREE ADVERBS – very, quite, extremely, considerably, hardly, etc • Items that can come after the head (post-head) are post-modifiers (fast indeed, spoken humbly enough) and complements • AdvP modify verbs, function as adjuncts and as complements
Examples of AdvP: • More gently • More gently than necessary (mhc) • Too quickly • Extremely slowly • Far away from enlightenment (mhc) • There in the afternoon (hpost-m)
Post-head • Post-modifiers: intensifying adverbs (enough/indeed) • Fast enough • Quickly indeed • Greatly indeed • Luckily enough • Splendidly indeed • Complements: unlike AdjPs which can be complemented by a number of elements, AdvPs are complemented minimally by ff: • The item else • Where else when else how else • Why else
Complements of comparison and excess • He entered more boldly than his friends • He teaches less often on Sat than on Mondays • He came earlier than usual • Prepositional complements • A few adjectives can take prepositional complements: • Similarly to independently of, separately from, differently from ASSIGNMENT Determine when the items (today, tomorrow, yesterday) are nouns and when they are adverbs with examples.