Objectives

2. Objectives 1. Learn to read for main ideas. 2. Learn about cultural differences. 3. Enlarge vocabulary. 4. Summary listening

3. Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs The particular reading skill introduced for this unit is reading for the main idea in a paragraph. This skill is one of the most useful reading skills students can develop. Finding the main idea is necessary for the understanding of a piece of writing. 下一页

4. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs The main idea of a paragraph is usually stated by one of the sentences in the paragraph. The main idea sentence is commonly known as “a topic sentence” or “a topic statement”. It may appear in one of several places in the paragraph. Most frequently the first sentence of a paragraph states the main idea, as is clear from the following example taken from Reading Passage A: 下一页 上一页

5. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs The U. S. is definitely a telephone country. Almost everyone uses the telephone to conduct business, to chat with friends, to make or break social appointments, to say “Thank you,” to shop and to obtain all kinds of information. Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that telephone service is superb here, whereas the postal service is less efficient. (Para. 7, Reading Passage A, Unit 1)Main idea: The U. S. is definitely a telephone country. 下一页 上一页

6. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs However, the main idea sentence may also appear in other places: in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. Look at two more examples taken from Reading Passage A: 下一页 上一页

7. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs 1. “We are slaves to nothing but the clock,” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a person’s hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count. (Para. 2, Reading Passage A, Unit 1) 下一页 上一页

8. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs Main Idea: It (= Time) is a precious resource.    In this paragraph the main idea appears in the middle of the paragraph. 下一页 上一页

9. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs 2. Americans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. (Para. 1, Reading Passage A, Unit 1)Main Idea: Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. In this paragraph the main idea appears at the end of this paragraph. 下一页 上一页

10. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs Please notice that sometimes there is no sentence in the paragraph which directly states the main idea. That doesn’t mean that there isn’t a main idea in the paragraph, only the main idea is implied. In these cases you have to write a sentence to sum up the main idea of the paragraph. 下一页 上一页

11. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Practice For each of the following paragraphs, write down the main idea in your own words in the blank space. • Do you think studying in a different country is something that sounds very exciting? Like many young people who leave home to study in another country, do you think you would have lots of desirable fun? Certainly, it is a new experience, which brings the opportunity of discovering fascinating things and a feeling of freedom. (to be continued) 下一页 上一页

12. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Practice In spite of these advantages, however, there are also some challenges you will encounter. Because your views may clash with the different beliefs, norms, values, and traditions that exist in different countries, you may have difficulty adjusting to a new culture and to those parts of the culture not familiar to you. This is culture shock. Evidently, at least four essential stages of culture-shock adjustment occur. (Para.1) Main idea:Studying in a different country is a new experience, but there are also some challenges. 下一页 上一页

13. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Practice 2. The first stage is called “the honeymoon”. In this stage, you feel excitement about living in a different place, and everything seems to be marvelous. You like everything, and everybody seems to be so nice to you. Also, the amusement of life in a new culture seems as though it will have no ending. (Para. 2) Main idea: The first stage of culture-shock adjustment is “the honeymoon”. 下一页 上一页

14. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Practice 3. Eventually, however, the second stage of culture shock appears. This is the “hostility stage”. You begin to notice that not everything is as good as you had originally thought it was. You become tired of many things about the new culture. Moreover, people don’t treat you like a guest anymore. Everything that seemed to be so wonderful at first is now awful, and everything makes you feel distressed and tired. (Para. 3) Main idea: The second stage of culture shock, “the hostility stage”, eventually occurs. 下一页 上一页

15. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Practice 4. Usually at this point in your adjustment to a new culture, you devise some defense mechanisms to help you cope and to protect yourself against the effects of culture shock. One type of coping mechanism is called “repression”. This happens when you pretend that everything is acceptable and that nothing bothers you. Another type of defense mechanism is called “regression”. This occurs when you start to act as if you are younger than you actually are; you act like a child. (to be continued) 下一页 上一页

16. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Practice You forget everything, and sometimes you become careless and irresponsible. The third kind of defense mechanism is called “isolation”. You would rather be home alone, and you don’t want to communicate with anybody. With isolation, you try to avoid the effects of culture shock, or at least that’s what you think. Isolation is one of the worst coping mechanisms you can use because it separates you from those things that could really help you. The last type of defense mechanism is called “rejection”. (to be continued) 下一页 上一页

17. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Practice With this coping mechanism, you think you don’t need anybody. You feel you are coping fine alone, so you don’t try to ask for help. (Para. 4) Main idea: At this point, some defense mechanisms are devised to protect yourself against the effects of culture shock. 下一页 上一页

18. Back Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Practice 5. After you deal with your hostile feelings, recognition of the temporary nature of culture shock begins. Then you come to the third stage called “recovery”. In this stage, you start feeling more positive, and you try to develop comprehension of everything you don’t understand. The whole situation starts to become more favorable; (to be continued) 下一页 上一页

19. Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Practice you recover from the symptoms of the first two stages, and you adjust yourself to the new norms, values, and even beliefs and traditions of the new country. You begin to see that even though the distinctions of the culture are different from your own, it has elements that you can learn to appreciate. (Para. 6) Main idea: The third stage of culture shock adjustment, “recovery”, starts. 上一页

20. Imagine: You’re so lucky to get an opportunity to study abroad. It’s the first time you come to the country. Definitely, you may experience Culture Shock.

21. I. Honeymoon Stage Find some adjectives to describe your feeling. Tips happy, good, curious, excellent … excited, marvelous, wonderful, comfortable,

22. II. Hostility Stage • Can you describe the emotions • in this stage? Tips … become tired of … , … makes sb. feel … Everything is …, I feel … hostile isolated unfriendly rejected cold awful lonely indifferent homesick distressed

23. 2. What will you do ? I may devise some defense mechanisms to cope with the effects of culture shock, such as: isolation regression repression rejection

24. Regression: act like a child, forget everything, sometimes become careless and irresponsible Isolation: don’t want to communicate with any people, would rather be at home alone Repression: pretend that everything is acceptable and that nothing bothers you Rejection: think that you’re coping fine alone, you don’t need anybody’s help

25. 3. Are these mechanisms helpful? They’re _________; on the contrary, they can really _____ you, because they prevent you from _________________________ the new culture. not helpful hurt making necessary adjustments to

26. III. Recovery Stage more positive You start feeling _____________ and adjust yourself to the new _______, _______, _______ and ___________. norms values beliefs traditions

27. IV. Adjustment You have reached a point where you actually feel ______ . The things that initially made you feel _____________, or ________ are now things that you ___________. Now you feel _____________; you have adjusted to the new culture. good uncomfortable strange understand comfortable

28. TranslationParaphraseWord Study

29. Translation 1. What’s Culture Shock (title)? It means strong feelings of discomfort, fear, or anxiety, which people may have when they enter another culture. 文化冲突指某人突然身处异族文化或环境中 而经受的一种不安、恐惧、焦虑的状况。

30. Structure Translation Paraphrase 因为你的观点可能会与存在于不同国家的不同信念、 价值观念和传统发生冲突，在适应一种新的文化及 该文化中你不熟悉的那些部分时，你也许会遇到 困难。 Because … (adverbial clause of cause), and traditions that … (attributive clause), you may have difficulty adjusting … (main clause). Because your views maybe in contrast withoropposite to the beliefs, norms, values, and traditions that exist in the countries you’re going to visit, you may have difficulty inadapting toa new culture with which you’re notfamiliar. 2.Because your views mayclash withthe different beliefs, norms, values, and traditions that exist in different countries, you may have difficultyadjusting toa new culture and to those parts of the culture not familiar toyou. (L5)

31. Paraphrase Translation 在这个阶段，你会开始变得积极起来，而 且你会努力去理解所有不理解的东西。 In this stage, you begin to feel more active, and you try to understand everything that you didn’t understand in the past. 3.In this stage, you start feeling more positive, and you try to develop comprehension of everything you don’t understand. (L37)

32. 短语 例句 have difficulty (in) doing sth: be unable to do sth. easily 做某事有困难 1. His English is very bad and I have great difficulty (in) understanding him. 1. 他的英语很糟糕, 我很难听懂他。 2. They had no difficulty (in) finding the house where they had been born in their hometown. 2.他们没费多少劲就在家乡找到了他们出生的那幢房子。

33. 短语 例句 adjust to:become or make suited (to new conditions) 使适应（新环境），适应 1. The body quickly adjusts itself to changes in temperature. 1. 人体能很快地自行调节以适应气温的变化。 2. Dick adjusted well to Hong Kong. 2. 迪克很能适应香港的生活。

34. 短语 例句 >>>more be familiar to:well known to; often seen or heard 为······ 所熟悉的，常见（听）到的 1. He talked of other cultures as if they were more familiar to him than his own. 1. 他谈论其他文化时仿佛他对其他文化比对自己的文化还要熟悉。 2. The facts are familiar to every pupil. 2. 这些事实是每个小学生都熟悉的。

35. 比较 例句 be familiar with:know or understand well （某人）熟悉（某物），通晓 1. Larkin not only speaks Chinese well, but also is familiar with early Chinese history. 1. 拉金不但汉语讲得好，他还通晓中国古代史。 2. I am of course familiar with your work. 2. 我当然熟悉你的工作。

36. 短语 例句 as though / as if:as would be the case if; appearing to be the case that 犹如;好像 1. He treats his elder sister as though she were a stranger. 1. 他待他姐姐如陌生人。 2. The animal was walking as though (as if) it had had its leg hurt. 2. 这动物走路的样子好像是伤了腿似的。

37. 短语 例句 be tired of:be impatient or fed up with sb./sth. 讨厌，不耐烦，厌烦 1. I’m tired of your negative comments. 1. 你的批评我已经听烦了。 2. When you’re tired of one dress, change to another. 2. 如果你一件衣服穿腻了，可以换一件。

38. 构词 词根vis, 意思为“看见” visan. 签证 visible adj. 可见的 vision n. 视力 visit v. 访问 visual adj. 视觉的 visualize v. 想象 envisage v. 想象 revise v. 修订 supervise v. 监督 televise v. 播映

39. 短语 例句 separate from:(cause things or people to) divide 使分离，分开 1. This patient should be separated from the others. 1. 这个病人应该与其他患者隔离。 2. Brought up in town, the boy finds it difficult to separate a poplar from a willow. 2. 那男孩是在城里长大的,所以觉得很难区别杨树和柳树。

40. 短语 例句 prevent sb. / sth. from:stop (sb. or sth.) from (doing sth.) 阻止，防止 1. Who prevents their plans from being carried out? 1. 谁阻止他们的计划不让实施? 2. His disability prevents him (from) driving. 2. 他的残疾让他无法开车。

41. 短语 例句 recover from:return to a normal state from 从······ 恢复到正常状态 1. He’s now fully recovered from the shock. 1.他现在已完全从震惊中恢复了过来。 2. He never really recovered from the sadness of his wife dying. 2. 他从未真正从丧妻的悲伤中恢复过来。

42. 短语 例句 go through:experience; finish certain stages 通过；完成（某阶段） 1. The country has gone through too many wars. 1.这个国家经历了太多的战争。 2. Has the new law gone through all its stages yet? 2. 新的法律通过了各个阶段的程序没有？

43. Summary Listening Spot Dictation: Listen to the following passage and supply the missing information

44. I think generally speaking new, quaint, and novel produces a feeling look around, to experiment, to explore from a different light criticize the country Well,_______________________, we could say that there are four stages of culture shock. First of all, the "honeymoon" stage, to the visitor, everything seems_____________________, the food, the surroundings, the buildings. And it _________________ of euphoria: a desire to ___________________________________.The next stage is the "horror" stage, where the newness wears off, and the visitor sees the country_____________________, and often begins to ____________________, the life, and the values of the people.The next stage, we could say, is the "humor" stage, where people begin to _____________________________________ in the earlier stages.And the final stage, we could say, is the "home" stage where people______________________, and enjoy living in that foreign country. reflect back and laugh at their mistakes begin to feel at home

45. 文化冲击我认为，一般来说，文化冲击经历4个阶段。首先，"蜜月"阶段。对于游客来说，每样东西，如食物，环境，建筑物等，都是新鲜的，离奇的。由此而产生一种兴奋感 ：一种想到处看看，想试验，想探索的冲动。第二阶段是"恐惧"。新鲜感在消退，游客从一个不同的角度观察这个国家，并开始批评这个国家，以及人们的生活和价值观。下一阶段是"幽默"。人们开始回顾过去，并嘲笑自己当初在前两个阶段所犯的错误。最后的阶段是"家园"，这时人们开始感觉舒服自在，喜欢生活在异国他乡。