Global Perspective on Concepts, Practices and Applications of Eco-Industrial Towns

1. Global Perspective on Concepts, Practices and Applications of Eco-Industrial Towns René VAN BERKEL Chief, Cleaner and Sustainable Production Unit United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna, Austria Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

2. Overview • Background • Global Green Industry Imperative • City-level Leverage for Green Industry • Industry Contributions • Industrial and Urban Symbiosis • Practical Experiences • Making It Happen • Policy options • Concluding Remarks Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

3. Background Climate change Jobs Resource Use Productivity and competitiveness Pollution, chemicals and waste Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

4. Response Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

5. Green Industry • Greening of Industry • Any industry that commits itself to reduce the environmental impacts of its processes and products, and is actually doing so on a continuous basis • Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production • Industrial Energy Efficiency and Energy Management Systems • Safe and Responsible Management of Chemicals and Waste • Water Efficiency and Pollution Prevention •  Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

6. Green Industry • Green Industries • Industries that have as their core business the provision of environmental goods and services • Waste management, recycling and resource recovery • Manufacturers of renewable and energy-efficient technologies and equipment • Providers of environmental advisory, analytical, monitoring and other services • Manufacturers of clean and/or pollution control technologies and equipments Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

7. Complementary Approaches Green Economy Circular Economy Sustainable Development Sustainable Consumption and Production Green Industry Green Jobs Green Growth Reduce, Reuse & Recycle (3R) Green Industry uniquely focuses on the positive role industry can play to sustainable industrial development Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

8. Green Industry at City Level Industries located in the municipalities need to be more resource efficient and less polluting Green industries can provide the environmental services needed by Municipalities to improve city living Municipalities' environmental needs Eco-Cities Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

9. Local Leverage for Green Industry Eco-Cities Areas where urban planning and environmental management tools are applied to pursue synergies in resource utilization and productivity, waste management, environmental preservation, industrial and economic development and a healthy living environment UNIDO in cooperation with government of Jordan established theEco-Cities of the Mediterranean Forum which will have its second main conference on 11-12 October 2011 in Marseille, France Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

10. Greening Industrial Towns Enterprise-level Improved resource productivity and reduced pollution intensity through intra-firm measures Resource productivity Efficiency Industry-sector level Resource exchanges and collaboration of multiple firms to improve overall resource efficiency and environmental performance Resource synergy  Symbiosis Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

11. Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production Continuous application of preventive environmental strategies to processes, products and services to increase efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment RECP addresses three sustainability dimensions individually and synergistically: Production efficiency Through improved productive use of natural resources by enterprises Environmental management Through minimization of the impact on nature by enterprises Human development Through reduction of risks to people and communities from enterprises and supporting their development Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

12. RECP Practices Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

13. Lime Master Producer of lime products Options implemented Installation of timers to switch of conveyor belts Lime dust recovery with bag filters Lime recovery through wash water reuse On-sale of low grade raw materials and off specification lime as construction materials Results: Investment: ~USD 55,000 Savings: ~ USD 200,000 Reduction GHG emissions: 220 ton Increase electricity consumption: ~ 45,000 kWhr Reduction fuel oil consumption: ~ 66,000 litres Material savings: 730 ton Water savings: 14,700 kl Waste reduction: ~ 15,000 ton www.energyefficiencyasia.org Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

14. National Cleaner Production Centres Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns • Established to foster adaptation and adoption of Cleaner Production • Information and awareness creation • Professional training • Plant level assessments and demonstrations • Policy advice • Technology transfer and investment • Programme launched in 1994 and expanded to 47 countries

15. concepts Industrial Symbiosis • Engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or by-products • The keys to industrial symbiosis are: • Collaboration and • Synergistic possibilities offered by geographic proximity Chertow, M 2000, 'Industrial Symbiosis: Literature and Taxonomy', Annual Review of Energy and Environment, vol. 25, pp. 313-337 Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

16. concepts Collaboration Process and Outcome process Eco-Industrial Development Industrial Symbiosis Exchanging by-products and other resources between firms Applying best environmental management practices for industrial parks, including, but not limited to material exchanges between firms Industrial Eco-System Eco-Industrial Park outcome van Berkel, R. 2006. Regional Resource Synergies for Sustainable Development in Heavy Industrial Areas, Curtin University, Perth Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

17. Evidence from the Field • Industrial Symbiosis in Practice • Kalundborg – Denmark • Uncoveredin 1989 • Kawasaki – Japan • Developed and uncovered from 1997 • Kwinana – Australia • Uncoveredand further developed from 2002 • The 3 Ks! Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

18. Kalundborg • Town in Denmark • Existing power station and pharmaceutical company • Planned oil refinery could initially not be established due to lacking waste source • Industries developed new joint water supply to enable oil refinery investment in late 1960’s • Since then industries expanded gradually and new ones opened (gypsum, waste recovery), including through expansion of the resource sharing Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

19. Kalundborg Eight companies Municipality van Berkel, R. 2006. Regional Resource Synergies for Sustainable Development in Heavy Industrial Areas, Curtin University, Perth Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

20. Quantitative Benefits Kalundborg (2003) Annual savings 27.5 M DKK (~ 3.5 M USD) Water saving 23 GL (seawater) + ~ 3GL (surface water) Heat recovery: 39,000 GJ Jacobsen, N,(2006), The industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg: a quantitative assessment of economic and environmental aspects, JIE, 239-255 Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

21. Urban Integration Industrial Symbiosis Eco-Towns Urban Symbiosis Use of byproducts from cities in industrial operations Exploitation of synergistic opportunities arising from the geographic proximity of urban waste sources and potential industrial users through the transfer of physical resources (‘wastes’) for environmental and economic benefit van Berkel, et all (i2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan:analysis of the Eco-Town Programme 1997-2006, J Env Man, p 1544-15556 Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

22. Kawasaki (2006) 13 main synergies 7 synergies achieve waste diversion of 515 kt/yr 4 synergies achieve annual benefit of some 130 million USD van Berkel, et all (2009) Quantitative Assessment of Urban and Industrial Symbiosis in Kawasaki, EnvSci & Tech, pg 1271-1281 Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

23. Kwinana Kwinana • Economic development zone created in 1960’s to cater for development of resource industries • Developed into an integrated resource processing zone • Oil, alumina and nickel refineries, chemical and fertilizer production, and supply industries • Located 35 km south of Perth (1.4M), drought affected city • Located >1,200 km away from nearest other major industries • Close-knit industrial community, strong collaboration on hazard identification and safety management Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns RECP and Industrial Parks 24 May 2010 23

24. Kwinana • Material synergies • 15 Utility synergies (not shown) Van Beers, D. et al (2007), Industrial Symbiosis in the Australian Minerals Industries: the cases of Kwinana and Gladstone, J of Ind Ecol, 55-72 Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

25. Making It Happen • Policy strategies for Industrial Symbiosis • Eco-Industrial Planning • Physical planning and environmental management important • Location decision not influenced by potential by-products • Recycling Legislation • Long term targets provide certainty of supply of recyclables and guarantee willingness to pay • Waste Exchanges – Matchmaking • Important to connect waste generators with recyclers, but less suitable for process applications that require some processing Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

26. Policy and Cooperation Spectrum van Berkel, R. 2006. Regional Resource Synergies for Sustainable Development in Heavy Industrial Areas, Curtin University, Perth Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

27. Concluding Remarks • Industrial (and Urban) Symbiosis • Proven sustainable industrial development and innovation strategy • The desirable, but not exclusive, aim of Eco-Industrial Parks • Complementary nature • Efficiency + Symbiosis = Green Industry Platform Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns

28. Thank You René VAN BERKEL Chief, Cleaner and Sustainable Production Unit r.vanberkel@unido.org www.unido.org/cp Global Perspective Eco-Industrial Towns