Session 21

1. Session 21 Combination and Its Application 合并法与其应用

2. 合并法亦称并句法或合句法。在英译汉中，合 • 并法就是把原文两个或两个以上的句子加以合并， • 译成一个句子。这种变通法多运用于英语简单句子 • 的翻译，特别是两个或两个以上的英语句子共用相 • 同的主语的时候，由于汉语不喜欢重复名词，也不 • 喜欢用代词做主语，不如把几句话串联成汉语的一 • 句话（孙致礼，2003：93）。在汉译英过程中，合 • 并法就是把两个或两个以上的汉语句子加以合并， • 译成一个英语句子；也可指把一个汉语复句合并为 • 一个英语简单句。下面简单谈谈合并法在英汉互译 • 中的运用。 • 一、合并法在英译汉中的运用 • 1.1把两个或两个以上的英语简单句 • 译成一个汉语并列复句

3. The four men huddled there and said nothing. • They dared not smoke. They would not move. • 这四个人聚在那儿不说话，不敢抽烟，也不愿 • 走开。 • (2) My father is of middle height. He is stout and • strong, with a severe look on his face and with • keen expressive eyes. 我的父亲中等身材，长 • 得结实强壮，有一副挺严肃的神情，一双锐利 • 而富于表情的眼睛。 • (3) From there I could see the whole valley below, • the fields, the river and the village. It was all very • beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing. • 从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、 • 河流、村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往。

4. (4) Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals. 没有人仅仅 因为岁月的流逝而变得衰老，只有放弃理想才日 益衰老起来。 (5) Several years ago, my family gathered on Cape God for a weekend. My parents were there, my sister and her daughter, too, two cousins and, of course, my wife, my son and me. 几年前，我们 一家人在科德角团聚，共度周末，我的父母、姐 姐和她的女儿都去了，我的两个表弟也去了，当 然，还有我，我的妻子和儿子。 (6) I wasn’t an enemy, in fact or in feeling. I was an ally. 无论在事实上，还是在感情上，我都不是她 们的敌人，而是她们的盟友。

5. 以上第一个英语例子包括三个单句，第三 个例子包括一个简单句和一个并列句，其他四 个英语例子每个包括两个简单句。每个例子的 简单句都合并起来，翻译成一个汉语并列复句。 以上各例句采用合句法处理，译文紧凑，来得 顺畅，毫无拖沓之感，并且与原文意义吻合。 1.2 英语并列复合句译成一个汉语单句 (7) In 1844 Engels met Marx, and they became friends. 一八四四年恩格斯与马克思相遇并成了 朋友。 (8) The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light. 十点三十分的时候，街上来往的车辆少了。 (9) It was 1953, and I had just come from England to seek my fortune. 一九五三年，我刚从英格兰来此 找出路。

6. (10) It was an LST, and it was already nearly loa- ded with trucks and armed cars. 这是一艘几乎 已载满了卡车和装甲车的坦克登陆艇。 上面四例均为英语并列句，都合并起来给译为 汉语简单句，言简意赅，非常顺畅。 1.3 英语主从复合句译成一个汉语单句 (11) When you apply for graduate degree courses in Oxford, you should contact University of Ox- ford directly. 申请牛津大学的研究生学位需要直 接与学校联系。 (12) If a student is on a scholarship, he or she may not have to pay HECS. 享受奖学金的学生不必 向HECS交费。(注：HECS高等教育捐款计划。)

7. (13) When he was in the 11th grade, my oldest son became a member of the National Honor Society. 我的大儿子在读11年级的时候成为了 “全国优秀生协会”的会员。 (14) My first recollection of the magic he could bring to Valentine’s Day came when I was six. 我对 情人节的最初印象是我六岁那年他带给我的惊喜。 以上四个英语主从复句经过压缩译成了汉语简 单句，译文简单、明白、晓畅、忠实。 1.4 两个英语主从复句译成一个汉语复句 (15) When one is awake, he cannot fix his eyes or his attention constantly on a single object. He must blink, if nothing else. 一个人在清醒时不 可能老是盯着或注视某一物体，他至少准会眨 巴眨巴眼睛。

8. (16) I never thought that I would eat a food that did not agree with me. Now I meet it when- ever I have a meal. 我从来没想到会吃不对 我胃口的食物，现在我每次吃饭都遇到讨厌 的食物。 (17) I am convinced that what we do to children, they will do to the world. It is important that we keep this constantly in our minds. 我相信 我们对孩子所做之事，他们以后会交还给这个 世界，时常记住这一点是很重要的。 (18) When Strauss ran out of canvas, he wrote his two brothers to send more. He received instead a tough, brown cotton cloth which was made in Nimes, France…斯特劳斯用完了帆布，便写信

9. 要他的两个兄弟再寄一些来，不料收到的却是 法国尼姆产的一种坚韧的棕色棉布…… 上面列举了四个英语例子，每一个都包含两个 主从复句，这两个主从复句合并起来，译成了一个 汉语联合复句。译文语气顺畅，意义连贯，与原文 意义吻合。 从上述例子可知，英语中两个或两个以上的简单 句，两个并列复合句或两个主从复合句都可以采用 合并法处理，翻译成一个通顺流畅的汉语句子。值 得注意的是，这种变通手法在英译汉中使用得不多 见，但在汉译英过程中运用频繁。

10. 二、合并法在汉译英中的运用 • 2.1 两个或两个以上的汉语句子 • 合并成一个英语句子 • (19) 对长辈们不能没大没小的。祖父是一家之主， • 尤其要尊敬。 Show respect to your elders, • particularly to your grandpa, head of the family… • (20) 战士无所畏惧地奋勇向前。他的脚步很坚定。 • Fighters march forward fearlessly，with firm • steps. • (21) 我爱北京。我特别爱黎明前的北京。I love Bei- • jing, especially predawn Beijing. • (22) 这样的战士并不一定具有超人的能力。他是 • 一个平凡的人。Instead of being necessarily

11. possessed of superhuman capability, such a fighter is just an ordinary person. (23) 男同学在打篮球。女同学在打乒乓球。The boys are playing basketball, while the girls are playing ping pang. (24) 湖中有十来枝荷花。荷花上清水滴滴，荷叶 上水珠滚来滚去。Crystal drops were drip- ping from a dozen lotus buds in the lake, while beads of water rolled about the leaves. (25)中国是一个发展中的沿海大国。中国高度重视 海洋的开发和保护，把发展海洋事业作为国家 发展战略。As a major developing country with a long coastline,China attaches great impor- tance to marine development and protection,

12. and takes it as the state’s development strategy. (26) 我国人口众多，人均资源有限，资金不足。 发展精加工高附加值的产品出口，是今后扩大 出口的一个关键。Considering the large popu- lation, limited per capita resources and shor- tage of funds in China,we should increase ex- port of finely processed products and of those with high added value, which is central to fur- ther expansion of exports in the future. 例(19)至例(22)各包括两个简单句，每个例子的 两个简单句合并起来翻译成一个英语简单句，译文 简明易懂，忠于原文内容。例(23)也包括两个简单句， 译成了一个英语并列句。例(24)和例(25)各包含一个

13. 简单句和一个联合复句。例(24)被译为一个英语简单句和一个联合复句。例(24)被译为一个英语 并列句，例(25)则给翻译成了一个长长的英语单句。 例(26)也包括一个联合复句和一个单句，给翻译为 一个英语主从复合句。这些译文符合英语表达习惯， 通顺自然。 2．2 汉语复句译为英语单句 (27) 这位中国女学生说了一声“我是中国人”，就悄悄 走开了。After saying “I am from China”, the Chinese girl student went away quietly. (28) 我还年轻，我还要活下去，我还要征服生活。 Being still young, I want to live on and con- quer life. (29) 我家里生活苦，父亲做小买卖，妈妈是家庭 妇女，弟弟妹妹多。 My family was hard up, with Father a peddler, Mother a housewife,

14. and so many children to feed. (30) 此刻她怀里抱着佳佳，心里惦着园园，更是目 不斜视，行迹匆匆。Holding Jia Jia in her arms, and worrying about Yuan Yuan, she was just hurrying along without looking sideways. (31) 中国积极参与联合国的海洋事务，推进国家间和 地区性海洋领域的合作，并认真履行自己承担的 义务，为全球海洋开发和保护事业做出了积极贡 献。 China has made positive contributions to international ocean development and protection by participating positively in UN marine affairs, promoting cooperation between countries and regions and conscientiously carrying out its ob- ligations in this field.

15. (32) 你看见过被压在瓦砾和石块下面的一棵小草 的生成吗？他为着向往阳光，为着达成它的 生的意志，不管上面的石块如何重，石块与 石块之间如何狭，它必定曲曲折折地，但是 顽强不屈地透到地面上来，它的根往土壤钻， 它的芽往地面挺……（夏衍：《野草》）Have you ever seen how a frail young grass grows out from under debris and rubble? In order to get the unshine and bring its will of growth into play, the grass will wind its way up irresistibly, its roots drilling downward and its sprouts shoo- ting upward, in spite of the heavy rocks and the narrow space between them……

16. 以上例(27)至例(31)均为汉语的联合复句，都 给译成了逻辑意义清晰的英语简单句。其中例(31) 成分较多，比较复杂，给译成了长而复杂的英语简 单句。可见，有时把汉语复句翻译成英语简单句是 可取可行的。但务必认真分析原文，确定哪个或哪 些是主要成分，哪个或哪些是次要成分或修饰成分。 例(32)是个多重复句，最为复杂，给翻译成了一 个逻辑意义非常清晰的英语主从复合句。大多数学 者认为，翻译以句子为基本单位。一般说来，翻译 时，原文句式尽量不变。原文的简单句通常翻译成 目的语的简单句；原语的复杂句往往翻译为目的语 的复杂句。谈到的合并法在翻译过程中并非是频繁 使用的变通技巧。但有时采用合并法翻译一些句子， 可使译文简单精练，更加符合目的语的表达习惯，

17. 因而更为可取。 • Questions to be answered: • How do you define “combination”? • Explain “combination” by using examples. • Read a translated version and pointed out • how many sentences were handled by • means of “combination”.