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Influenza Surveillance in Nicaragua Through Use of Diagnostic Techniques

Influenza Surveillance in Nicaragua Through Use of Diagnostic Techniques. BY: Jessica Hernandez 24/April/2014 MHIRT 2014. Overview. Background on Influenza Transmission Seasonality Nicaraguan Influenza Cohort Study (NICS) Diagnostic techniques

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Influenza Surveillance in Nicaragua Through Use of Diagnostic Techniques

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  1. Influenza Surveillance in Nicaragua Through Use of Diagnostic Techniques BY: Jessica Hernandez 24/April/2014 MHIRT 2014

  2. Overview • Background on Influenza • Transmission • Seasonality • Nicaraguan Influenza Cohort Study (NICS) • Diagnostic techniques • Quantitative reverse transcription - Polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) • Hemagglutination assays

  3. Background • Three types influenza virus • A– seasonal epidemics • A subtyped based on surface proteins and then broken down into strains • 18 H and 11 N • H1, H2, H3, N1 and N2 commonly infect humans • B – seasonal epidemics • divided into strains • C – mild respiratory illnesses http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/I/Influenza.html

  4. http://thehealthybear.com/influenza-virus-australia/

  5. Viral infection

  6. Transmission Nature Medicine Journal

  7. Seasonality • Higher infection rates during specific time periods • Tropical regions: Nicaragua • Rainy seasons • Higher risk of infection • Children • Individuals in crowded households Gordon et. al., 09’

  8. Nicaraguan Influenza Cohort Study (NICS) – June 07’ • Severity and Seasonality of A (H1N1) • Managua, Nicaragua • Coincided with Dengue Pediatric Cohort Study (04’) • ~3800 children, 2-14 years of age • Lack immune-comprising conditions • Health Center Socrates Flores Vivas • Nasal and throat swab specimen • National Virology Laboratory • RT-PCR using CDC protocol • Hemagglutination assay • Transmission rates • Viral shedding • Seasonality

  9. Reverse Transcription (RT) Developmental Biology 9th ed. by Gilbert

  10. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMC7c2T8fVk

  11. Hemagglutination Assay • Determine hemagglutination titer Motifolio Virology Blog

  12. Acknowledgements • Berkeley’s MHIRT Program • Professors • Speakers • Fellow Classmates • National Institute of Health • Aubree Gordon and Eva Harris • Staff in NICS • National Virology Laboratory

  13. References • http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/I/Influenza.html • http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v18/n10/fig_tab/nm.2953_F1.html • http://www.virology.ws/2009/05/27/influenza-hemagglutination-inhibition-assay/ • http://www.motifolio.com/1021217.html • CDC – National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. 2014. Types of Influenza Viruses and Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Influenza. Center for Diseases and Control Prevention. • WHO. 2014. Influenza (Seasonal) Fact Sheet. World Health Organization. • Gordon A, Ortega O, Kuan G, Reingold A, Saborio S, Balmaseda A, and Harris E. 2009. Prevalence and Seasonality of Influenza-like Illness in Children, Nicaragua, 2005-2007. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15:408-414. • Gordon A, Saborío S, Videa E, López R, Kuan G, Balmaseda A, and Harris E. 2010. Clinical Attack Rate and Presentation of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza versus Seasonal Influenza A and B in a Pediatric Cohort in Nicaragua. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50:1462-1467. • Gordon A, Kuan G, Mercado JC, Gresh L, Avilés W, Balmaseda A, and Harris E. 2013. The Nicaraguan Pediatric Dengue Cohort Study: Incidence of Inapparent and Symptomatic Dengue Virus Infections, 2004–2010. PLoSNegl. Trop. Dis. 7:1-10. • CDC. 2009. CDC protocol of real-time RTPCR for swine influenza A(H1N1). World Health Organization.

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