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Specialized, plant-associated neotropical insects. (After various sources.)

Specialized, plant-associated neotropical insects. (After various sources.). Box 11.1. Figure 11.1. Christmas beetles of Anoplognathus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on the chewed foliage of a eucalypt tree (Myrtaceae). Figure 11.2.

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Specialized, plant-associated neotropical insects. (After various sources.)

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  1. Specialized, plant-associated neotropical insects. (After various sources.)

  2. Box 11.1

  3. Figure 11.1 Christmas beetles of Anoplognathus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on the chewed foliage of a eucalypt tree (Myrtaceae).

  4. Figure 11.2 Leaf mines: (a) linear-blotch mine of Agromyza aristata (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in leaf of an elm, Ulmus americana (Ulmaceae); (b) linear mine of Chromatomyia primulae (Agromyzidae) in leaf of a primula, Primula vulgaris (Primulaceae); (c) linear-blotch mine of Chromatomyia gentianella (Agromyzidae) in leaf of a gentian, Gentiana acaulis (Gentianaceae); (d) linear mine of Phytomyza senecionis (Agromyzidae) in leaf of a ragwort, Senecio nemorensis (Asteraceae); (e) blotch mines of the apple leaf miner, Lyonetia speculella ( Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae), in leaf of apple, Malus sp. (Rosaceae); (f) linear mine of Phyllocnistis populiella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in leaf of poplar, Populus (Salicaceae); (g) blotch mines of jarrah leaf miner, Perthida glyphopa (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae), in leaf of jarrah, Eucalyptus marginata (Myrtaceae). ((a,e–f ) After Frost 1959; (b–d) after Spencer 1990.)

  5. Figure 11.3 Plant borers: (a) larvae of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), tunneling in a corn stalk; (b) a larva of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), inside an apple. (After Frost 1959.)

  6. Box 11.2

  7. Figure 11.4 Feeding in phytophagous Hemiptera: (a) penetration of plant tissue by a mirid bug showing bending of the labium as the stylets enter the plant; (b) transverse section through a eucalypt leaf gall containing a feeding nymph of a scale insect, Apiomorpha (Eriococcidae); (c) enlargement of the feeding site of (b) showing multiple stylet tracks (formed of solidifying saliva) resulting from probing of the parenchyma. ((a) After Poisson 1951.)

  8. Figure 11.5 A variety of insect-induced galls: (a) two coccoid galls, each formed by a female of Apiomorpha munita (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) on the stem of Eucalyptus melliodora; ( b) a cluster of galls each containing a male of A. munita on E. melliodora; (c) three oak cynipid galls formed by Cynips quercusfolii (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on a leaf of Quercus sp.; (d) rose bedeguar galls formed by Diplolepis rosae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Rosa sp.; (e) a leaf petiole of lombardy poplar, Populus nigra, galled by the aphid Pemphigus spirothecae (Hemiptera: Aphididae); (f) three psyllid galls, each formed by a nymph of Glycaspis sp. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on a eucalypt leaf; (g) willow bean galls of the sawfly Pontania proxima (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) on a leaf of Salix sp. ((d–g) After Darlington 1975.)

  9. Box 11.3

  10. Figure 11.6 Pie chart showing the possible outcomes of releases of alien phytophagous organisms against invasive plants for the biological control of these weeds. The data include 72 weed species that have agents introduced and established long enough to permit control assessment. (After Sheppard 1992; based on data from Julien 1992.)

  11. Figure 11.7 Anatomy and pollination of a tea-tree flower, Leptospermum (Myrtaceae): (a) diagram of a flower showing the parts; ( b) a jewel beetle, Stigmodera sp. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), feeding from a flower.

  12. Box 11.4

  13. Figure 11.8 A male hawkmoth of Xanthopan morgani praedicta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) feeding from the long floral spur of a Malagasy star orchid, Angraecum sesquipedale: (a) full insertion of the moth’s proboscis; (b) upward flight during withdrawal of the proboscis with the orchid pollinium attached. (After Wasserthal 1997.)

  14. Figure 11.9 An ant of Rhytidoponera tasmaniensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) carrying a seed of Dillwynia juniperina (Fabaceae) by its elaiosome (seed appendage).

  15. Figure 11.10 Two myrmecophytes showing the domatia (hollow chambers) that house ants and the food resources available to the ants: (a) a neotropical bull’s-horn acacia, Acacia sphaerocephala (Fabaceae), with hollow thorns, food bodies, and extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) that are used by the resident Pseudomyrmex ants; (b) a hollow swollen internode of Kibara (Monimiaceae) with scale insects of Myzolecanium kibarae (Hemiptera: Coccidae) that excrete honeydew that is eaten by the resident ants of Anonychomyrma scrutator. ((a) After Wheeler 1910; (b) after Beccari 1877.)

  16. Figure 11.11 A tuber of the epiphytic myrmecophyte Myrmecodia beccarii (Rubiaceae), cut open to show the chambers inhabited by ants. Ants live in smooth-walled chambers and deposit their refuse in warted tunnels, from which nutrients are absorbed by the plant. (After Monteith 1990.)

  17. Figure 11.12 A pitcher of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) cut open to show fly inquilines in the fluid: (clockwise from the top left) two mosquito larvae, a mosquito pupa, two chironomid midge larvae, a small maggot, and a large rat-tailed maggot.

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