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Insects Attacking Forest Products. Introduction. Much damage to timber and finished wood products. Estimated – 1-5 % annual cut. Damage to cut timber and finished products especially serious because damage comes after much investment. Insects attacking living trees
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Insects Attacking Forest Products
Introduction Much damage to timber and finished wood products Estimated – 1-5 % annual cut Damage to cut timber and finished products especially serious because damage comes after much investment
Insects attacking living trees Insects attacking cut trees Insects attacking wood in use
Asian Longhorned Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis Newly introduced insect menace
Egg Larva 4 instars Pupa Adult
Beetles spend most of life in tree. Very difficult do control Asian Longhorned Beetle Life cycle
Damage / ID Beetle exit holes are ½ in or more in diameter Adults can fly 100’s of feet to infest new trees
Asian longhorned Beetle damage
Dead branches on Asian LHB infested tree
Hosts: Boxelder Maples – Many species Horse chestnut Mulberry Poplar – Many species Black Locust Willow – several species Elm - Chinese
Asian Longhorned beetle is unusual: 1) It attacks healthy trees 2) It spends major part of life cycle in Phloem, not Xylem 3) It kills healthy trees 4) Adults feed on the twig bark of healthy trees. Wounds serve as entry sites for pathogens.
Untreated wood is commonly used for shipping crates and pallets = ‘dunage’ 4th instar larvae and/or pupae commonly infest wood used for shipping crates and arrive alive in US.
First found in Brooklyn, NY - 1996 Second infestation found in Long Island, NY in 1996 Later, in 1999 found in Chicago, IL 2002 – established infestation in Jersey City, New York Quarantined area within a 1.5 mile radius of site – all trees were cut & burned
Management & Control
Management & Control Cut infested trees and burn. Clear cut trees around infestation. Strengthened importation rules on crates using wood & dunage. Believed to be eradicated & not yet established.
Emerald ash borer: Newly introduced pest • Discovered 2002 in Michigan • Attacks all species of Fraxinus, as well as some Ulmus, & Juglans spp. • Larval galleries girdle branches and trees • Trees often die • 2-3 years after • Infestation • Established!
Since 2002: Emerald Ash Borer • Killed at least 8 - 10 million ash trees in Michigan, Ohio and Indiana. Most of the mortality is in southeastern Michigan. • Resulted in quarantines in Ohio, Indiana and Michigan and fines to prevent infested ash trees, logs or firewood from moving out of areas where EAB occurs. • Cost municipalities, property owners, nursery operators and forest products industries tens of millions of dollars.
Emerald Ash Borer: Signs/Symptoms • Distinct, D-shaped exit holes in the bark • Serpentine-shaped tunnels under the bark on the surface of the wood • Young sprout growth clustered at the base of the tree • Unusual activity by woodpeckers • Die-back on the top third of the tree • Vertical splits in the bark
Management & Control • Quarantine of wood/trees Intra- and Inter-state from Michigan with stiff fines • 2. Early detection in quarantined areas • 3.Eradication of infested material • 4.Researching possible insecticide use – expensive and difficult
Ambrosia Beetles Early observers noted droplets of a fluid in the beetle galleries. Called it “ambrosia” hence their name Found in both conifer and hardwood tree species
General Feeding Habits of • Ambrosia Beetles • Invade wood but do not feed on • phloem or xylem • 2. Inoculate galleries in the xylem with • fungus, adults and larvae feed on • mycelium
Ambrosia beetles attack: • Felled trees • Weakened trees • Logs & green lumber • Entire shipments damaged • Degrade wood value • Small holes • Fungal stains
Main gallery Pupa Larva New Adult Pupa Ambrosia beetle immatures in “cradles”
Ambrosia Beetle Many customers demand high quality, defect free lumber. Especially the export markets Holes in wood, or stains not acceptable. Bundled timber with insect damage must be unpacked, sorted repacked. Management for beetles expensive and adds to lumber costs.
Striped Ambrosia Beetle - Conifers Trypodendron lineatum Degrades wood of all conifer species
Insect Biology • Over-winters in stump & logging debris • Flies in spring to felled trees or logs • Females produce pheromone / mate • Tunnels into sap wood of tree and lays eggs in the “Cradles” • Inoculates fungus which stains wood black • Mycelia gardens – food for larvae & adults
Management • Timber must be used & processed quickly / kiln dry • Keep wood wet - sprinklers • Use insecticides or repellants on log decks. • Set pheromones away from deck • (Last two steps significantly increase lumber costs)
Primary southern pine Ambrosia beetle Platypus flavicornis Attacks weakened, dying or fresh cut pines. Attack pine bark beetle killed trees within 5-10 days. Infest sapwood and heart wood by the hundreds of insects. Produces piles of fluffy, white boring dust at base of infested trees. Reduce value of salvaged timber.
Management Platypus flavicornis • Timber must be used & processed quickly / kiln dry • Get to beetle spots quickly • Keep wood wet
Ambrosia Beetles in Hardwoods Columbian Timber Beetle Corthylus columbianus While most ambrosia beetles attack weakened, dying or dead trees. The Columbian timber beetle prefers healthy trees.
Insect Biology Over-winters in litter layer & flies in spring to healthy trees Males produce pheromone to attract females Female tunnels in sapwood and lays eggs in “cradles’ 2-3 generations / year Fungal stains – extend several cm from galleries Degrades wood quality so it can’t be used for Veneer or Furniture
Management - Columbian Ambrosia Beetle • No effective control available • Usually controlled by not selecting infested trees or culling on log decks
