Site is the actual location of a city.

1. Site and situation are important geographic concepts when studying the growth of cities. Patterns of urban development occur according to site and situation. Site is the actual location of a city.

2. Examples of site (local characteristics) • Harbor sites: New York City; Alexandria, Egypt; Istanbul, Turkey • Island sites: Paris (originally located on an island in the Seine River), Hong Kong, Singapore • Fall line sites: Richmond, Virginia • Confluence sites: Khartoum, Sudan; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania • Hilltop sites: Rome, Athens, Jerusalem • Oasis sites: Damascus, Syria • Sites where rivers narrow: London, Quebec City

3. Harbor Sites new york Istanbul Alexandria, Egypt

4. Paris Island Sites Hong Kong Singapore

5. Richmond, Va Fall Line Site

6. Confluence Sites Pittsburgh

7. Hilltop Sites Athens Rome Jerusalem

8. Situation is another name for relative location—the location of a city with respect to other geographic features, regions, resources, and transport routes.

9. Istanbul—Command of straits and land bridge to Europe • Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Varanasi (Benares), India—Focal point of pilgrimage • Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Xi’an, China; Timbuktu, Mali; Singapore—Cities that grew up around trade routes (the Silk Road; Trans-Sahara trade; maritime trade) • Capetown, South Africa—Supply station for ships • Omaha, Nebraska; Sacramento, California—Cities that grew up along the U.S. Transcontinental Railroad • Novosibirsk, Vladivostok—Cities that grew up along the Trans- Siberian Railroad Examples of situation (regional/ global connections) • Baghdad—Command of land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

10. The functions of towns and cities change over time.

11. Functions of towns and cities • Security, defense • Religious centers • Trade centers (local and long distance) • Government administration • Manufacturing centers • Service centers

12. Security/Defense

13. Religous Centers CW United Meth Catholic Church Valley View Church Splashdam Church

15. Government Administration Executive Branch </government/exec.html> The power of the executive branch is vested in the President, who also serves as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. Judicial Branch </government/judg.html> The judicial branch hears cases that challenge or require interpretation of the legislation passed by Congress and signed by the President. Legislative Branch </government/legi.html> The legislative branch of the federal government consists of the Congress, which is divided into two chambers -- the Senate and the House of Representatives.

16. Advanced Technology Manufacturing Center, Boston

17. Service Centers

18. Examples of changes in cities’ functions over time • Rio de Janeiro—Move of Brazil’s capital city from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia

19. Examples of changes in cities’ functions over time Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—Early function connected to defense, then became steel manufacturing center, later shifted to diverse services (financial, light manufacturing) Fort Pitt Blockhouse

20. Examples of changes in cities’ functions over time New York City—Changes in trade patterns, coastal and transatlantic trade, trade from Great Lakes via Erie Canal, worldwide trade and finances

22. Mining towns, “ghost” towns—Resource depletion, changes in the environment

23. Urban populations exercise a powerful influence in shaping the world’s cultural, political, and economic ideas and systems. Urban development may lead to problems related to human mobility, social structure, and the environment.

24. Influences of urban areas on their regions and countries • Nation-building (monuments, symbols) White House

25. Transportation/Communication Hubs A Transportation hub is where traffic is exchanged across several modes of transport Magnets for Migration Seed beds of new ideas and technologies Diversitiy, leading to creativit in the arts Universities, educational opportunities Corporate headquarts/regional offices Media centers )news, entertainment)

26. Problems associated with growth of urban areas Transportation problems emerge, especially as automobile trael increases Rich and poor neighborhoods exist in different ares isolated from one another Providing essential services )fresh water, sewage, dispsal, electricity, schools, clinics) becomes a problem Air, water, and noise pollution increase Sprawl results in conversion of agricultural land to urban uses, especially in North America Rapid immigration results in "shantytowns" on th edges of cities in Latin America, Africa, and Asia In developing countries, major cities are more connected to regions outside the country than to regions within the country

27. Site is to situation as land area is to land use. Great cities are mostly found where site and situation gives them an advantage over other places. Examples of sites.__________________ ____________________ __________________ Examples of situations.__________________ _______________________ ______________ Early city civilizations were often located along river valleys. A very important factor in the development of cities is non-industrialized regions without modern technology is proximity to fresh water and fertile soil. London's location on the Thames River is best described as: London is located where the Thames River narrows. Baghdad is located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Rome, Jerusalem, and Meca are religious centers. Timbuktu, located at a crossroads of the salt and gold trade became an important trading center in Africa.

28. Omaha, Nebraska Sacramento, California and Salt Lake City, Utah are all U.S. Cities that grew up near the Transcontinental Railroad. The South African city of Cape Town became important as a supply station for ships. Samarkand Uzbekistan, and Timbuktu, Mali, are both examples of cities that mainly fuctioned as trading centers. The growth of Houston, Texas can be explained by its location near the Gulf of Mexico. A major function of modern cities is to provide specialized services and activities for its residents. In 1960, Brazil's government moved the capital of Brazil to Brazilia because the government wanted to draw people away from the coast and develop the interior of the country. Pittsburgh had an early function connected to defense, then became a steel manufacturing center, and later shifted to offering diverse services. Crime, pollution and transportation are all problems of urban growth. A positive influence of cities or urban areas is educational opportunities. In many regions around the world, lack of jobs, housing, and health care are all results of urbanization. Deforestation, growing slum areas, and pollution are all results of rapid urbanization.