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General Zoology Unit Five

General Zoology Unit Five. Hemichordata. Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, deuterostomes. Triploblastic, eucoelomates. Bilaterally symmetrical (cephalization). Worm like body divided into three segments. Complete digestive system. Closed circulatory system with dorsal heart.

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General Zoology Unit Five

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  1. General Zoology Unit Five

  2. Hemichordata Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, deuterostomes Triploblastic, eucoelomates Bilaterally symmetrical (cephalization) Worm like body divided into three segments Complete digestive system Closed circulatory system with dorsal heart Respiration through gill slits Sexual reproduction – dioecious, external fertilizers with metamorphosis

  3. Phylum Hemichordata

  4. Chordate Characteristics

  5. Chordate Taxonomy Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Subphylum - Urochordata (tunicates) Subphylum - Cephalochordata (lancelets) Ex. Branchiostoma Subphylum - Vertebrata Superclass - Agnatha Class - Myxini (hagfish) Class - Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)

  6. Chordate Taxonomy Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata Superclass - Gnathostomata Class - Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays) Class - Actinopterygii (ray finned bony fish) Class - Sarcopterygii (lobe finned bony fish) Class - Amphibia Class - Reptilia Class - Aves Class - Mammalia

  7. Subphylum Urochordata

  8. Subphylum Urochordata

  9. Subphylum Cephalochordata

  10. Garstang’s Hypothesis of Vertebrate Evolution

  11. Developmental Definitions Paedomorphosis - the retention of larval traits in the adult body Neotony - a process in which the growth rate is slowed to the extent that sexual maturity is reached before the ancestral adult form is obtained

  12. Developmental Definitions Progenesis - the precocious maturation of the gonads in a juvenile body that stops growing and never attains the adult body form Post-displacement - a delay of the onset of a developmental process relative to sexual maturity, so that the ancestral adult form is not attained before reproductive maturity

  13. Garstang’s Hypothesis of Vertebrate Evolution

  14. Vertebrate Ancestry

  15. Fish Taxonomy Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata Superclass - Agnatha Class - Myxini (hagfish) Ex. Myxine Class - Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys) Ex. Petromyzon

  16. Fish Taxonomy Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata Superclass - Gnathostomata Class - Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays) Subclass - Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, rays) Ex. Squalus, Raja Subclass - Holocephali (chimeras or ratfish) Ex. Chimera

  17. Fish Taxonomy Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata Superclass - Gnathostomata Class - Actinopterygii (ray finned bony fish) Ex. Perca, Amia, Polyodon Class - Sarcopterygii (lobe finned bony fish Ex. Latimeria

  18. Subphylum Vertebrata All five chordate hallmark characteristics Endoskeleton of cartilage or bone Complete digestive tract Closed circulatory system with a ventral heart Complex nervous system with a brain, dorsal nerve cord and advanced sense organs Excretion carried out by paired kidneys Most have two pairs of appendages

  19. Superclass Agnatha All members have the vertebrate characteristics All are jawless All are elongated and eel shaped None have paired appendages Scales are absent Complete digestive system without a stomach The notochord is persistent into adulthood

  20. Superclass Agnatha

  21. Superclass Agnatha

  22. Superclass Gnathostomata All members have the vertebrate characteristics All members have a jaw All have or have had paired appendages All have an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone

  23. Class Chondrichthyes

  24. Class Chondrichthyes

  25. Class Chondrichthyes

  26. Class Chondrichthyes

  27. Class Actinopterygii

  28. Class Actinopterygii

  29. Class Actinopterygii

  30. Class Sarcopterygii

  31. Class Sarcopterygii

  32. Osmoregulation in Fish

  33. Respiration in Fish

  34. Respiration in Fish

  35. Respiration in Fish

  36. Vertebrate Thermoregulation Ectothermic – obtaining body heat from the environment Poikilothermic – non-regulatory, the body temperature is the same as the ambient environment Regulatory ectotherms – maintain a consistent body temperature through physiological and behavioral means

  37. Vertebrate Thermoregulation Endothermic – body heat is produced internally (homeothermic) Fish are poikilothermic because water is a heat sink

  38. Buoyancy in Fish Squalene (liver oil)

  39. Buoyancy in Fish aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Physostomous bladder

  40. Buoyancy in Fish aaaaaa aaaaaaa Physoclistous bladder

  41. Fish Feeding Strategies Most fish are carnivores Most ocean species are suspension feeders Some are scavengers A few species are parasites A few species are herbivores A few species are omnivores

  42. Fish Reproductive Adaptations Oviparous - egg laying Ovoviviparous - retention of eggs Viviparous – live birth All three methods are found in cartilaginous and bony fishes Cartilaginous fish are internal fertilizers while most bony fish are external fertilizers

  43. Fish Reproductive Adaptations Diadromous - fish that make “two runs” in their life to live and reproduce Anadromous - fish that “run up” - salmon Catadromous - fish that “run down” - eels Parthenogenesis - no males required, females produce diploid eggs - Amazon molly

  44. Amphibian Taxonomy Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata Superclass - Gnathostomata Class - Amphibia Order - Gymnophiona (caecilians) Order - Caudata (salamanders) Ex. Ambystoma, Necturus Order - Anura (frogs) Ex. Rana, Bufo

  45. Class Amphibia All five chordate hallmark characteristics Endoskeleton of bone Thin, gland rich skin with no scales or claws Large mouth - all members carnivores Closed double looped circulatory system with a ventral three chambered heart Respiration - lungs, gills or cutaneous Regulatory ectotherms

  46. Class Amphibia Excretion through opisthonephric kidneys and urea as the primary nitrogenous waste Nervous system with a brain and dorsal nerve cord - well developed sight and hearing Reproduction – dioecious, some internal, others external fertilizers, some metamorphosis Most are tetrapods

  47. Order Gymnophiona Caecilians Legless, elongated worm-like bodies Fossorial, tropical & subtropical organisms Most are blind, with smell and touch being the best senses Eggs are laid in moist soil Some species are viviparous

  48. Order Caudata Salamanders, newts, amphiumas, sirens Most have four legs & all have a tail Some aquatic, some terrestrial Respiration by gills, skin and lungs Internal fertilization Metamorphosis and direct development Paedomorphosis common

  49. Order Anura Frogs All have four legs and no tail (one exception) Some aquatic, some terrestrial Respiration by skin and lungs Good vision and nictitating membranes External fertilization Metamorphosis and direct development

  50. Amphibian Evolutionary Pressures Respiration Thermoregulation Support Ecological diversity

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