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Chapter 2 notes

Chapter 2 notes. Weathering and the rock cycle. Sedimentary Rock- forms when sediments and the remains of tiny living things settle and harden. Pumice Granite. Igneous rock- forms when magma cools either below or above Earth’s surface. Gneiss Quartzite Slate.

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Chapter 2 notes

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  1. Chapter 2 notes Weathering and the rock cycle

  2. Sedimentary Rock-forms when sediments and the remains of tiny living things settle and harden

  3. Pumice Granite Igneous rock- forms when magma cools either below or above Earth’s surface

  4. GneissQuartzite Slate Metamorphic Rock- forms below Earth’s crust by great heat and pressure

  5. Rock Cycle- what scientists call the changing of rock • http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/diagram.html

  6. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller and smaller pieces Chemical Weathering transforms rocks into new substances Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks

  7. Frost wedging or frost actionhappens when water is trapped in small holes in a rock, freezes, expands, and forces the rock apart Mechanical Weathering-temperature, water, wind, and plant and animal life all cause it

  8. Frost heavinghappens when water under a rock freezes and pushes a rock out of the soil

  9. Pressure releasehappens when a rock under pressure experiences a release of pressure and expands • Much better defined cracks (joints) develop when buried rocks are released from their surrounding pressure.

  10. Exfoliationhappens when sheets of rock peel away like layers of an onion

  11. Abrasionoccurs when rocks rub against each other. It can also be caused by water and wind.

  12. Hoodoois created by the wind abrading the softer rock at the bottom of a rock while the hard rock at the top stays in tact.

  13. Other sources of Mechanical weathering: plants, animals, fire, and floods Plants animals fire and flood

  14. Oxidation-happens when the oxygen in the air combines with the iron in rock and forms iron oxide (rust) Chemical weathering- changes the rock into a different substance

  15. Rain carries chemicals from the air onto surfaces below. Water and carbon dioxide combineto make Carbonic Acid Reactions of Acids

  16. Sulfur dioxide is produced by burning fossil fuels. It makes acid rain

  17. Lichens and mosses grow on rocks and secrete mild acids that dissolve the rocks.

  18. Caves are formed by wind and water Limestone caves are formed by chemical weathering through acid Cave formation

  19. Stalactites hang from the ceiling (hold tight) Stalagmites “grow” up from the ground as a result of the dripping of dissolved calcite Speleothems and Spelunkers

  20. Humus- decayed organic material Soil-made of small particles of rocks, minerals, and humus

  21. Sand is the largest kind of particle and allows soil to drain Clay is the smallest particle and holds nutrients and water well but does not allow air in Silt is between sand and clay and allows water and air to mix with soil Soil particle sizes

  22. Texture of soil is determined by the amount of each kind of particle is in the soil Loam has all three particles equally present. It is very fertile! Pedologists are scientists who study soil

  23. Soil Horizons (layers)

  24. Isaiah 45:18 For the LORD is God, and he created the heavens and earth and put everything in place. He mad e the world to be lived in, not to be a place of empty chaos. “I am the LORD,” he says, “and there is no other.”

  25. Questions In light of this verse, why is it important for us to study science? Give two examples of something you’ve learned in a science class that confirm the world is not a place of empty chaos. What do you think it means when it says, “He made the world to be lived in.”?

  26. Observe the erosion video, write/draw what you saw. • http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/geomorph/visualizations/erosion_deposition.html

  27. Gravity is the main cause of erosion Erosion happens when weathered material or sediment moves from one place to another.

  28. Water Wind Ice Agents of erosion –factors involved in the movement of weathered material

  29. Sediment drops by weight with the heaviest dropping first and the lightest last. This creates layers Deposition-occurs when wind, water, or ice drops sediments and rocks in a new location

  30. Soil Creep- happens as gravity slowly pulls soil down the slope of a hill (causes trees and fences to lean) Mass movement happens when gravity is the primary force that moves rocks and sediment

  31. Earth Flow- happens when pieces of rock break loose and dislodges other rocks and sediment. It causes a pile of soil and rocks at the bottom

  32. Mud Flow is caused by soil and water producing an extremely heavy and unstable area. It is one of the fastest and most devastating mass movements

  33. Rock slides happen when huge slabs of rock break off along cracks and faults

  34. Avalanches occur when a mass of snow along the side of a mountain becomes unstable

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