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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Nationalism: The Traditional Orientation. Nations. A nation is a people who Share demographic and cultural similarities Possess a feeling of community (mutually identify as a group distinct from other groups Want to control themselves politically and be politically separate

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Nationalism: The Traditional Orientation

  2. Nations • A nation is a people who • Share demographic and cultural similarities • Possess a feeling of community (mutually identify as a group distinct from other groups • Want to control themselves politically and be politically separate Exists because its members want it to exist.

  3. Nations:Demographic/Cultural Similarities • Demographics: language, race, religion, SES • Common culture • Shared historical experience

  4. Nations:Community • Perception is critical • Most members of a nation will never know others but feel a sense of community anyway • “We-Group” – defined by similarity of members but also in terms of how the members differ from other groups or “They-Groups”

  5. Nations: Desire to be Politically Separate • The difference between an ethnic group and a nation is that a nation, unlike an ethnic group, desires to be self-governing, or at least autonomous. • Line between ethnic groups and nations not always well-defined • Ethnonational group: once the prevailing opinion of the ethnic group perceives it to be distinct politically as well as culturally

  6. Nationalism • Second aspect of the traditional political orientation • Establishes values about what is good vs. bad • Directs adherents on how to act (patriotism) • Links together those who adhere to the ideology • Distinguishes group from those who are not in group

  7. Nationalism • Connects people through • Sentimentality towards homeland • Sense of identity and self-esteem through national identification • Motivation to help country Nation is primary political identifier

  8. Nation-States • Third element in traditional way of defining and organizing world state politically • Nation-state combines idea of a nation with that of a state • Where a nation exists within the borders of a currently existing state

  9. Rise of Nationalism • Modern Idea • Early Nationalism • Holy Roman Empire (religion/Latin) • Fragmentation after HRE • Growth of nationalism intertwined with growth of state and then nation-state • Conversion of Anglicanism in England helped spread nationalism to the masses

  10. Modern Nationalism • Emerged around 1700s • Growth of emotional attachment to location • Growth of Sovereignty—ex. American Revolution • Ideas of nation implied equality (liberalism) • Destroyer of empires

  11. Patterns of Nation-State Formation • Unification Nationalism: easiest form of state building when a strong sense of cultural and political identity exists among a people, and the formation of a nation precedes that of the state. • Europe—examples where nations came first and later became states

  12. Nation-State Formation • Scenario Two: State is created first and then has to try to forge a sense of common national identity among the people and then with the people to the state. • Example: African colonization

  13. Evolution • Nation building and state building not locked in a strict sequential interaction • Example: United States

  14. Nationalism in Practice Myth vs. Reality: Do Nation States really exist? • Most states are not ethnically unified • Many nations are split by more than one boundary

  15. Patterns of Tension • Ideal model of One Nation, One State • One state, Multiple Nations • One nation, multiple States • One Nation, No Sate • Multiple Nations, Multiples States

  16. One State, One Nation • About 10% of all countries • Example: The United States (about 99% live in actual US, no ethno-national groups fighting for autonomy) • Proud to be an American

  17. One State, Multiple Nations • 30% of all states have no nation that constitute a majority • Example: Canada (French-Canadian, English-Canadian, etc)

  18. One Nation, Multiple States • Departure from the nation-state ideal • Occurs when a nation overlaps border of two or more states • Many occurred during cold war (example: Korea, Viet Nam, Germany) • Other examples exist: Serbia and Montenegro

  19. One Nation, No State • Stateless nation –another patter of misfit between state and nation • When a nation is a minority in one or more states (aka, peripheral nationalism) • Example: The Palestinians

  20. Multiple Nations, Multiple States • Misfit pattern • When several states and nations overlap • Failed state: a country so fragmented that it cannot be said to exist as a unified political or national entity (example: Afghanistan)

  21. Positive Nationalism • In philosophical and historical beginning, positive (idealism) • “Nationalism promotes democracy.” • “Nationalism discourages imperialism.” • “Nationalism allows for economic development.” • “Nationalism allow for diversity and experimentation.”

  22. Negative Nationalism • Growth of militant nationalism • Reluctance to help others • Exclusionism • Xenophobia: fear of others; “they-groups” • Internal oppression • External aggression

  23. Self-Determination=Goal • May end many of the abuses of ethnic oppression • More problematic in practice • Tribalism tendency

  24. Negatives of Self-Determination • Untangling groups • Microstates: countries with tiny populations • International instability • Recognition of new countries?

  25. The Future of Nationalism • Can be traced back to ancient times but many political scientists see it as particularly relevant in past 500 years. • WWII showed examples of fascism and imperialism as a result of aggressive nationalism. • Continued strength of nationalism unquestionable

  26. Future of Nationalism • Demise of nationalism possible but not imminent • Will nationalism continue as source of main political identification? • Answers Unclear

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