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The Cellular Level of Organization

Explore the role of plasma membrane in cell function, covering membrane chemistry, physiology, and various processes like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Learn about membrane lipids, proteins, and how materials move across membranes.

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The Cellular Level of Organization

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  1. A. Generalized animal cell B. Plasma (cell) membrane 1. Membrane chemistry and anatomy a. Membrane lipids b. Membrane proteins 2. Membrane physiology a. Communication b. Electrochemical gradient c. Selective permeability The Cellular Level of Organization C. Movement of materials across plasma membranes 1. Passive processes a. Simple diffusion b. Osmosis (1) Osmotic pressure (2) Tonicity c. Filtration d. Facilitated diffusion 2. Active processes

  2. Lecture 2-Cellular Level of Organization • Cell-basic living, structural, and functional unit of the body

  3. Generalized Animal Cell • 1. plasma (cell) membrane • 2. cytosol • 3. organelles (pg. 17-19 of lecture notes and transcription/ translation) • 4. inclusions

  4. Plasma Membrane • 1. fluid mosaic model • 2. membrane lipids a. phospholipids (75%) b. glycolipids (5%) c. cholesterol (20%) • 3. membrane proteins a. integral proteins b. peripheral proteins

  5. Protein Functions • 1. channel (pore) • 2. transporter (carrier)-facilitated transport • 3. receptor • 4. enzyme • 5. cytoskeleton anchor • 6. cell identity marker

  6. Hormones and neurotrasmitters Voltage and Ligand gated MHC intestinal Na+ and K+

  7. Transport Carrier-Facilitated Transport Glucose and amino Acids

  8. Cell Membrane Functions • 1. communication • 2. electrochemical gradient a. Na+ vs K+ b. membrane potential • 3. selective permeability a. lipid solubility b. size c. charge d. specific channels and transporters

  9. Movement of Materials Across Plasma Membranes • 1. passive processes a. simple diffusion b. Osmosis c. filtration d. facilitated diffusion • 2. active processes a. primary active transport b. secondary active transport c. endocytosis d. exocytosis

  10. Simple Diffusion 1. kinetic energy 2. random mixing 3. concentration gradient 4. net diffusion 5. uniform concentration (equilibrium)

  11. Osmosis 1. solute impermeability 2. movement of water 3. osmotic pressure 4. isotonic solution a. hypotonic vs b. hypertonic

  12. Osmosis and Osmosis and Tonicity Swell and burst Crenate or lyse

  13. Filtration • Water and solutes move passively across a cell membrane due to gravity or hydrostatic (water pressure)

  14. Facilitated Diffusion • 1. requires transporters • 2. regulated by 3 factors a. concentration gradient b. number of available transporters c. combination rate between transporter and solute

  15. Active Processes • 1. expend energy • 2. move low to high conc. • 3. primary active transport a. transporters "pump" b. Na+-K+ ATPase pump

  16. Other Active Processes • 1. secondary active transport • 2. exocytosis • 3. endocytosis a. receptor-mediated b. pinocytosis c. phagocytosis

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