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Physical Properties of Solutions

Physical Properties of Solutions. Chapter 13. Lake Nyos , West Africa. 8/21/86 CO 2 Cloud Released 1700 Casualties. Earthquake? Landslide? Wind/Rain?. Chemistry In Action: The Killer Lake. Lake Nyos , West Africa. Concentration Units.

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Physical Properties of Solutions

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  1. Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13

  2. Lake Nyos, West Africa 8/21/86 CO2 Cloud Released 1700 Casualties • Earthquake? • Landslide? • Wind/Rain?

  3. Chemistry In Action: The Killer Lake Lake Nyos, West Africa

  4. Concentration Units Concentration - amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution: • Mass percentage • ppm and ppb • Mole fraction • Molarity • Molality

  5. moles of A XA = sum of moles of all components x 100% mass of solute x 100% (w/w) = mass of solution mass of solute mass of solute + mass of solvent Concentration Units Mass percentage (w/w) % by mass = Mole Fraction(X)

  6. Parts per million (ppm) Parts per billion (ppb) Concentration Units

  7. moles of solute liters of solution moles of solute m = mass of solvent (kg) M = Concentration Units Molarity(M) Molality(m)

  8. Practice Exercise p 544 What is the molality of a solution made by dissolving 36.5 g of naphthalene (C10H8) in 425 g of toluene (C7H8)? Answer: 0.671 m

  9. moles of solute moles of solute m= m= moles of solute M = mass of solvent (kg) mass of solvent (kg) liters of solution 5.86 moles C2H5OH = 0.657 kg solvent What is the molality of a 5.86 M ethanol (C2H5OH) solution whose density is 0.927 g/mL? • 5.86 moles ethanol = 270 g ethanol • Assume 1 L of solution: • (0.927 g/mL) (1000 mL) = 927 g of solution mass of solvent = mass of solution – mass of solute = 927 g – 270 g = 657 g = 0.657 kg = 8.92 m

  10. Practice Exercise p 543 • Calculate the mass percentage of NaCl in a solution containing 1.50 g of NaCl in 50.0 g of water. • (b) A commercial bleaching solution contains 3.62 %(w/w) sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl. What is the mass of NaOCl in a bottle containing 2.50 kg of bleaching solution? • Answer: (a) 2.91% • (b) 90.5 g of NaOCl

  11. Sample Exercise 13.6 Calculation of Mole Fraction An aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid contains 36% HCl by mass. Calculate the mole fraction of HCl in the solution. Assume we have 100. g of solution:

  12. Conversion of Concentration Units Fig 13.19 Calculating molality and molarity • If we know the density of the solution, we can calculate the molality from the molarity and vice versa.

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