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Chapter 3 Gender Now

Chapter 3 Gender Now. It Matters: The Biological Foundations of Gender. Sex is Not Gender Sex Gender. Biological Sex: The Foundation of Gender. Terms: Sexual reproduction Fertilization Sperm Ovum Homogametic sex Heterogametic sex. Male and Female. The Role of Sex Hormones

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Chapter 3 Gender Now

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  1. Chapter 3 Gender Now

  2. It Matters: The Biological Foundations of Gender • Sex is Not Gender • Sex • Gender

  3. Biological Sex: The Foundation of Gender • Terms: • Sexual reproduction • Fertilization • Sperm • Ovum • Homogametic sex • Heterogametic sex

  4. Male and Female • The Role of Sex Hormones • Estrogens • Progesterone • Androgens

  5. Internal Sex Organs: Male, Female, Undifferentiated

  6. List of Homologous Structures

  7. Sex Differentiation in the Prenatal Brain • The role of androgen and estrogen receptors • Sex differential of the brain is dependent on the presence or absence of estradiol. • The conversion of androgen to estrogen in the prenatal brain is the underlying cause of brain sex differentiation.

  8. Somewhere Between “Male” and “Female” • Terms: • Intersex/intersexual • Hermaphrodite • Female pseudohermaphrodite • Male pseudohermaphrodite

  9. Turner Syndrome • One of two X chromosomes is absent • The dropped chromosome results in failure to develop ovaries, rendering her infertile • Affected females are often short, have learning delays, and heart, kidney and thyroid problems

  10. Klinefelter Syndrome • Extra X chromosome is present, resulting in XXY pattern • Affecting 1 in 500 male births • Smaller-than-normal testes that produce no sperm • Affected males often have round body type, taller than brother/father, enlarged breasts, and little facial or body hair

  11. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome • Characterized by an abnormality of the X chromosome • The gonads within the abdomen may be male, but the baby is born with feminized external genitalia

  12. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) • Sex hormone disorder – external genitalia of genetic females are masculinized because of excessive androgens • Affects 1 in 13,000-16,000 people • Affected females have vagina, can have intercourse, and give birth

  13. Sex Reassignment: “John/Joan” Case • Born male, Bruce Reimer underwent sex reassignment surgery and was raised as a girl. He later transitioned back to being a male, but ultimately killed himself at 38.

  14. Current Medical Management • The Intersex Society of North America • Current medical protocol regarding ambiguous genitalia or intersex children is that gender assignment is based on DNA

  15. It Matters: The Culture of Gender

  16. Gender Roles: The Making of Male or Female, Masculine or Feminine

  17. Masculinity: “Doing” Male • Masculinity • Hegemonic Masculinity • Racial and Ethnic Differences: • The cool pose • Machismo

  18. Femininity: “Doing” Female • Femininity • Racial and Ethnic Differences • Marianismo • Body Image • Changes across time

  19. Body Shapes and Media

  20. Body Shapes and Media

  21. Body Shapes and Media

  22. Gender Polarization: Complementary Opposites – or Inequality • Terms: • Gender stereotypes • Gender polarization/bipolar gender • Sexism • Gender inequality • Wage gap • Confidence gap

  23. Gender Differences in Annual Median Income, by Education

  24. Self-Confidence of First-Year College Students, by Gender

  25. It Matters: Gender Identity • Gender Identity vs. Sexual Orientation • Androgyny • Transgender • Transsexual • Gender dysphoria • Sexual Reassignment Surgery • Transvestite

  26. Sexual Life Education • Concluding Points

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