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From Text to Hypertext

From Text to Hypertext. … and Beyond. Watch: Web 2.0 video. From hypertext to Web 2.0. Business Model. ©2008, Helen C. Barrett, Ph.D http://electronicportfolios.org/learning/index.html. Part One: Non-sequential media defined Part Two: Hypertext and hypermedia

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From Text to Hypertext

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  1. From Text to Hypertext … and Beyond

  2. Watch: Web 2.0 video From hypertext to Web 2.0

  3. Business Model ©2008, Helen C. Barrett, Ph.D http://electronicportfolios.org/learning/index.html.

  4. Part One: Non-sequential media defined Part Two: Hypertext and hypermedia Part Three: Historical development of hypertext and hypermedia Part Four: Navigation Designand Information Architecture Part Five: The End of The University Contents

  5. Part One: Non-sequential media

  6. Books and Machines Non-sequential Stories and Machines Garden of Forking Paths (1941) Memex (1945)

  7. El Jardín de senderos que se bifurcan Labyrinthine Texts

  8. Two main characters The narrator His friend A detective story Friend tells narrator about a book written by a Chinese philosopher called ‘Garden of Forking Paths’ A book that is a labyrinth, the Garden El Jardín de senderos que se bifurcan

  9. To cut a short story even shorter • The paths of the labyrinth converge • The story ends with the narrator killing his friend… • The narrator, it turns out, is a spy for the Germans!! • As his friend predicted, the narrator comes as an enemy; in another story he would come as a friend.

  10. Choose One or Many Forking Paths The reader meets “diverse alternatives, he chooses one and eliminates the others.” “He creates, thereby, ‘several futures,’ several times, which themselves proliferate and fork.” Borges, 1941

  11. BIMA winners in 2007 • A Contemporary Garden of Forking Paths?

  12. MEMEX MACHINE Labyrinthine Machines Vannevar Bush, formerly a dean of engineering and vice president at M.I.T, chaired the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) and became Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) in WW2

  13. Part Two Defining hypertext and hypermedia

  14. BA in philosophy in 1960 Masters in sociology at Harvard Enrols on a computer course for the humanities In 1965 defines hypertext as… “non-sequential writing” (Ted Nelson, 1965) Hypertext Defined

  15. DefinitionsGygi (1990) • non-sequential representation of ideas - abolition of the traditional, linear approach • a complex network of non-linear nodes connected together by links • facilitates the rapid exploration of large bodies of knowledge • Link by association rather than indexing • content is not bound by structure and organisation See The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Computing and Information Luciano Floridi, 2003 p. 248

  16. A shift from dominant print paradigm to electr(on)ic media Hot Sequential Authority Cool Non-sequential End of authority McLuhanesque (1964)

  17. New Paradigm? Hypertext paradigm Non-linear Borderless Associated links User-Navigation Interactive Multimedia and Hypertext: The Internet and Beyond Book by Jakob Nielsen, published by Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (originally published by AP Professional, Boston, MA), 1995. ISBN 0-12-518408-5 (paperback).

  18. Part Three: Historical Development of Hypertext/media

  19. MEMEX (1945)

  20. Article published in 1945 by Vannevar Bush A device called a MEMEX Purpose to extend human memory by organising information associatively Link to original article ‘As We May Think’

  21. The MEMEX would… • ‘…externalise the associative processes of the human mind so that access to information was equidistant, in effect equa-linkable, to any and all ideas’ (Levinson, 1998).

  22. As We May Think? ‘…the human mind operates by association. With one item in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain.’ Vannevar Bush

  23. Semantic Network

  24. www.shared-visions.com/.../ mmapx1-l.jpg

  25. Tree of knowledge, branch of knowledge, shaking the tree of knowledge (Newton)

  26. David Hume’s law of association of ideas 1711-1776 Thinking by Association ‘Impressions and ideas are not psychic atoms isolated from one another. They are all linked together by an inclination to recall one another.” ‘Ideas are naturally associated with one another and form large groups, and these groups in turn are related, to form still larger groups’. See Hume’s A Treatise of Human Nature 1737

  27. Rhizomesand the Web

  28. Ted Nelson coined the term hypertext in 1965 Ongoing Xanadu project http://xanadu.com/ Global library A Docuverse Library containing all of humanities literature

  29. [These consist] of "everything" written about the subject, or vaguely relevant to it, tied together by editors (and NOT by "programmers," dammit), in which you may read in all the directions you wish to pursue. There can be alternate pathways for people who think different ways. (Nelson in Dream Machines)

  30. 1968 Douglas Engelbart demonstrates The GUI The mouse Electronic mail Interactive hypermedia Growth of the Internet

  31. Working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory In his lunchtime in 1990s Web clients and server defined URL HTTP HTML Tim Berners-Leethe inventor of the WWWhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jev2Um-4_TQ

  32. The Power of the Web? <html> <head><title>my links page</title> </head> <body> <a href="http://ms1304.blogspot.com/">MS1304 Blog</a> </body> </html> The power of a link in the Web is that it can point to any document of any kind in the universe of information (Berners Lee).

  33. Part Four:Navigation Designand Information Architecture

  34. Websites as organization of complexity

  35. The Link

  36. Linear Sequence Hierarchies Balanced Hierarchies Semantic Webs WEB STYLE GUIDE, 2nd edition http://www.webstyleguide.com/site/index.html

  37. Summary

  38. Apply to user needs

  39. Part Four: Hypertext Discourses The Death of the Author The End of the University

  40. Sequential Communication The Shannon-Weaver Model (1948)

  41. The author/reader inversion Web 2.0? Readers Can Become Authors public.ansi.org/.../ ptl_docs_publish.gif

  42. ‘Necessary to give up conceptual systems founded upon ideas of centre, margin, hierarchy and linearity and replace them with multilinearity, nodes, links and networks’ Landow, 1992 Reader Control George Landow 1992 & 1997 Hypertext 2.0: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology John Hopkins Press

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