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UNIT 1 Health Care Systems

UNIT 1 Health Care Systems. I. HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE. A. Introduction 1. Ancient times a. Belief that disease and illness caused by demons and evil spirits b. Treatment directed toward eliminating evil spirits 2. Later developments a. Disease producing organisms discovered

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UNIT 1 Health Care Systems

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  1. UNIT 1 Health Care Systems

  2. I. HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE • A. Introduction 1. Ancient times a. Belief that disease and illness caused by demons and evil spirits b. Treatment directed toward eliminating evil spirits 2. Later developments a. Disease producing organisms discovered b. Treatment directed toward eliminating organisms

  3. Believed that illness and disease caused by supernatural spirits and demons Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies to drive out evil spirits Herbs and plants used as medicines and some, such as morphine for pain and digitalis for the heart, are still used today Trepanation or trephining, boring a hole in the skull, was used to treat insanity, epilepsy, and headache Average life span was 20 years II. History of Health CareA. 4000 BC–3000 BC Primitive Times

  4. B. 3000 BC–300 BCAncient Egyptians • Earliest people known to maintain accurate health records • Called upon the gods to heal them when disease occurred • Physicians were priests who studied medicine and surgery in temple medical schools • Imhotep (2725? BC) may have been the first physician • If channels became “clogged,” bloodletting or leeches were used to “open” them • Used magic and medicinal plants to treat disease • Average life span was 20 to 30 years

  5. C. 1700 BC–220 ADAncient Chinese • Religious prohibitions against dissection resulted in inadequate knowledge of body structure • Monitored the pulse • Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs • Used acupuncture to relieve pain and congestion • Began the search for medical reasons for illness • Average life span was 20 to 30 years

  6. D. 1200 BC–200 BCAncient Greeks • Began modern medical science • Hippocrates (460–377 BC) called the Father of Medicine • Recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases • Aristotle (384–322 BC) dissected animals and is called founder of comparative anatomy • Believed illness is a result of natural causes • Stressed diet and cleanliness as ways to prevent disease • Average life span was 25 to 35 years

  7. E. 753 BC–410 ADAncient Romans • First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers • Early hospitals: care given in rooms in their homes • Began public health and sanitation systems: • Built sewers to carry waste materials away from the cities • Used filtering systems in public baths to prevent disease • Drained marshes to reduce the incidence of malaria • Claudius Galen (129–199?AD), a physician, established many medical beliefs: • Diet, exercise, and medications were used to treat disease • Average life span was 25 to 35 years

  8. F. Dark Ages 400–800 AD • Emphasis was placed on saving the soul and the study of medicine was prohibited • Monks and priests provided custodial care for sick people • Medications were mainly herbal mixtures • Average life span was 20 to 30 years

  9. G. Middle Ages 800–1400 AD • Physicians began attend medical universities • A pandemic of the bubonic plague (black death) killed 3/4 of the population of Europe and Asia • Suggested blood was the cause of many infectious diseases • Rhazes: Began the use of animal gut for suture material • Arabs began requiring that physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses • Average life span was 20 to 35 years

  10. H. Renaissance 1350–1650 AD • Rebirth of the science of medicine • Artists Michelangelo (1475–1564) and Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) used dissection in order to draw the human body more realistically • First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) • Michael Servetus (1511–1553): • Described the circulatory system in the lungs • Roger Bacon (1214?–1294): • Promoted chemical remedies to treat disease • Average life span was 30 to 40 years

  11. I. 16th and 17th Centuries • Causes of disease were still not known • Ambroise Pare (1510–1590) known as Father of Modern Surgery: first to bind arteries to stop bleeding • Gabriel Fallopius (1523–1562): fallopian tubes • William Harvey (1578–1657) described the circulation of blood to and from the heart in 1628 • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) invented the microscope in 1666 • Bartolomeo Eustachio identified the eustachian tube • Average life span was 35 to 45 years

  12. J. 18th Century • Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736) created the first mercury thermometer in 1714 • Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) invented bifocals for glasses • James Lind prescribed lime juice containing vitamin C to prevent scurvy in 1795 • Edward Jenner (1749–1823) developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796 • Average life span was 40 to 50 years

  13. K. 19th Century • Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881 • Joseph Lister started using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection in 1865 • Louis Pasteur : Pasteurization, proving microbes cause disease, rabies vaccine • Gregory Mendel: heredity and dominant/recessive patterns • Robert Koch: called the Father of Microbiology • Wilhelm Roentgen discovered Roentgenograms (X-rays) in 1895 • Florence Nightingale was the founder of modern nursing • Average life span was 40 to 60 years

  14. L. 20th Century • Sigmund Freud: psychology and psychiatry • Sir Alexander Fleming: discovered penicillin in 1928 • Jonas Salk: developed the polio vaccine using dead polio virus in 1952 • Francis Crick and James Watson described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953 • AIDS was identified as a disease in 1981 • The Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing AIDS was identified in 1984 • Average life span was 60 to 70 years

  15. II. Health Care A. Fastest growing industry in U.S. • Employs over 14 million workers in 200 different careers • Is a $2 Billion/ day business

  16. III. Types of Health Care Facilities A. Hospitals • For profit • Not for profit • Government • University or medical schools B. Long term care facilities 1. Nursing homes: Provide physical care 2. Rehabilitative facilities: Prepare pt. to return home

  17. C. Medical Offices D. Dental Offices • Dental care • Orthodontic care E. Clinics • Emergency care • Health department • Surgical clinics

  18. F. Emergency care • Ambulance/rescue squad • Helicopter/airplane G. Laboratories • Special diagnostic tests (blood, urine, Xray, EKG) H. Home health care • Provide health care in pt home • Services include nursing, physical therapy, homemaker

  19. I. Hospice • Care for pt at home with less than 6 months to live • Provide pain management J. Mental health • Psychiatric • Chemical/substance abuse K. Rehabilitation facilities • Speech therapy • Physical therapy

  20. L. Health Maintenance Organizations • Provide total health care directed toward preventative care M. Industrial Health • Provide medical care for employees • Provide pre-employment exam N. School Health • Check health conditions (speech, vision, hearing, scoliosis) • Provide first aid

  21. IV. Government Agencies A. World Health Organization • Compiles data on diseases throughout world • Investigates serious health problems throughout world B. U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services • Deal with health problems in U.S. • Center for Disease Control (CDC) a) Collect data on disease • Investigate disease & outbreaks • Research cause & treatment

  22. C. State & Local Health Dept. • Deal with health problems on local level • Collect data on diseases • Provide immunizations, prenatal care, health education IV. Volunteer Organizations • Supported by contributions • Provide health services

  23. V. Health Insurance Plans • HMO • PPO • Medicare • Medicaid • Worker’s compensation • Managed care

  24. VI. Organizational Chart • Present in all health care facilities • Demonstrates: • Line of authority • Different jobs & functions

  25. VII. Trends in Health Care A. Cost containment • Combining services • Bulk purchasing • DRG B. Geriatric care • OBRA • Longer life span • FL has a very large population over age of 65 C. Home Health Care

  26. D. Focus on wellness • Preventive medicine • Immunizations • Health food stores • E. Alternative methods of health care • Acupuncture • Positive thought • Therapeutic touch • F. National Health Care Plan

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