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Notes: Basic Chemistry

Notes: Basic Chemistry. Unit: The Chemistry of Life. I. Basic Chemistry. A. Atom - the basic building block for ALL matter. The smallest unit of an element. 1. Parts of the atom. a. In the nucleus Protons (+) and Neutrons (neutral) b. Outside the nucleus Electrons (-). 11. Na.

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Notes: Basic Chemistry

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  1. Notes: Basic Chemistry Unit: The Chemistry of Life

  2. I. Basic Chemistry A. Atom- the basic building block for ALL matter. The smallest unit of an element.

  3. 1. Parts of the atom a. In the nucleus Protons (+) and Neutrons (neutral) b. Outside the nucleus Electrons (-)

  4. 11 Na Sodium 22.989 How to Read the Periodic Table Atomic Number = # of protons OR # of electrons (if neutral) ATOMIC Symbol ATOMIC Name Atomic Mass = # of protons +# of neutrons Practice: How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does a neutral sodium atom have? ANSWER Protons = 11 Electrons = 11 Neutrons = 23 – 11 = 12

  5. B. Chemical Compounds: 1. Compound- a substance formed by the chemical reaction of 2 or more elements in a definite proportion. Ex:

  6. 2. Bonds: formed from attractions between atoms to form compounds

  7. Hydrogen Hydrogen + + Oxygen - II. Importance of Water: A. Most important substance for life. 1. Living things are about 2/3 water. 2. Water is required for every chemical reaction. 3. Water is the Universal Solvent. 4. Water is a polar molecule. a. Haspositiveandnegativecharge.

  8. Hydrogen Bonds a weak bond formed between positive and negative ends of water molecules.

  9. Hydrogen bonds: 1. Surface Tension water skippers on a pond.

  10. Hydrogen bonds: 2. Cohesion – water sticks to itself.

  11. Hydrogen bonds: 3. Adhesion – water sticks to other things.

  12. C. Mixtures and Solutions 1. Mixture: a combination of substances in which each substance retains its chemical properties. Ex. Sand and pepper 2. Solution: A combination in which one substance is dissolved into the other. Ex. Chocolate milk, ocean water

  13. Solutions a. Solute: The substance that is being dissolved. Ex. Lemonade mix b. Solvent: The substance that the solute is being dissolved into. Ex. Water

  14. III. Acids & Bases: A. Water can break into 2 charged ions: 1. Hydrogen ion (H+). 2. Hydroxide ion (OH-). B. Compounds in solution with water cause water to break & become acids and bases. C. Measure amount of H+ in solution gives the pH.

  15. Acids – forms Hydrogen ions (H+) when mixed with water. Ex. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/protexch.gif

  16. Bases – forms Hydroxide ions (OH-) when mixed with water. Also referred to as Alkaline. Ex. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

  17. 3. pH – number that measures how acidic or basic a solution is. 4. The scale ranges from 0 (most acidic to 14 (most basic or alkaline). The number 7 is neutral.

  18. At the bottom of your notes, we are going to create a pH scale to use on our next laboratory. 0 Acidic 7 Basic 14 Neutral

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