Types of Systems

1. Types of Systems Closed system and Open System

2. Closed system • Self contained. MATTER stays in. • Energy moves freely in and out • Example:

3. Open System • Matterandenergy move in and out freely • More complicated • Very common in nature • Example: river

4. Open or closed system?

5. Open or closed system?

6. Type of System?

7. Type of System?

8. Type of System?

9. Type of System?

10. Type of system?

11. Earth: open or closed system?

12. 1.2 Earth’s Spheres

13. Types of Spheres • Hydrosphere • Atmosphere • Geosphere • Biosphere

14. The Earth’s spheres are all connected

15. Hydrosphere • All the liquid • Lakes, rivers • Oceans • Glaciers • Aquifers

17. Of the hydrosphere…. • Oceans (salt water) 97.5% • Fresh water (drinkable) 2.5% • Frozen /ice (glaciers) (¾) • Ground water (aquifers) • Rivers / lakes • Atmosphere

18. Atmosphere • Gaseous envelope around earth • Half of it below 3.5 miles (5.6 meters) • 90% occurs within 10 miles (16 km) of the surface Purpose • Light (Radiation) protection • Energy exchange • Breathing

20. Solid Earth • Also known as Geosphere • Parts • Core • Dense center -Mantle • Less dense solid/liquid • Crust • Thin outer crust

23. Biosphere • All living things on the planet. • The other 3 spheres made biosphere possible! • Examples: • everything from single-cell protozoa to giant redwoods to humans. • Humans are changing the other 3 spheres!

24. Let’s work on the handout

25. Earth • Ocean basins and continents • Continents • Ave. elevation 2750 feet above sea level (840 m) • Ocean • Ave. depth 12500 feet (3800 m) Continents stand nearly 3 miles above the sea floor (4640 m)

26. Earth System • Closed or Open?

27. Select one picture describe how all four of earth’s spheres interact.

28. 1.3 Cycles

29. Cycles • A sequence of repeating events • Duration varies • Slow: repeat over a long period • of time – millions of years • Fast: repeat in a short amount of time

30. Types of Cycles • Water • Carbon • Energy

31. Hydrologic Cycle • The continuous circulation of water • Water in all three phases • Solid ice, liquid water, gaseous water vapor.

32. Hydrologic Cycle

33. Water enters the atmosphere by evaporation (from oceans and lakes) and • transpiration (from plants) also called - evapotranspiration. • Water leaves the atmosphere as precipitation from clouds in the form of rain, snow.

34. Hydrologic Cycle

36. Carbon Cycle • Carbon (C) • Biogeochemical cycle • “building block of life” • Many forms: solid coal and diamond, liquid oil, gaseous methane and carbon dioxide CO2 • Parts take various amounts of time

41. Energy Cycle • Movement of energy • Sources • Sun • Geothermal • Tidal • 40% of energy from sun reflected back

42. Source: Sun • Solar • 99.985%

43. Geothermal • Heat from within the Earth • 0.013%

44. Geothermal

45. Tidal Energy • Moon pulls on the Earth’s oceans creating tides • 0.002%

46. Laws of Thermodynamics • 1st law • Energy can not be created nor destroyed • Energy can only change forms • 2nd Law • When energy changes it becomes less concentrated and less useful, i.e. car engine loses heat as it runs

47. Effect of earth on Energy • Albedo • Percentage of Sun’s energy that is reflected back intospace without being changed (used) • Snow 80-90% • Desert 40-50% • Forest 5-10% • Earth overall 30% • Albedo can change (seasons)

48. Human activity and the cycles • Any human activity changes the cycles, both positively and negatively.