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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests. Earlier Explorations (& Motives). Islam & the Spice Trade (BIG!) A New Player  Europe Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources. Better seaworthy ships.

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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

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  1. The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

  2. Earlier Explorations (& Motives) • Islam & the Spice Trade (BIG!) • A New Player  Europe • Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 • Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources. • Better seaworthy ships. • Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

  3. Admiral Zheng He • Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! 1371-1435

  4. Zheng He’s Voyages • In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

  5. Ptolemy’s Map of the Known World,re- 1492

  6. Motives for European Exploration Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. God, Gold and Glory!

  7. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

  8. New Weapons Technology

  9. Prince Henry, the Navigator • School for Navigation, 1419

  10. Portuguese Maritime Empire Exploring the west coast of Africa. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. (Cape of Good Hope) Vasco da Gama, 1498. (India and trading outposts—Indian Ocean trade)

  11. Other Voyages of Exploration

  12. Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

  13. Columbus’ Four Voyages

  14. Treaty of Tordesillas-1494Divides “New” World b/w Spain and Portugal Amerigo Vespucci—1499 Patronized by de Medicis Kept careful records and wrote colorful descriptions—widely circulated

  15. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

  16. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

  17. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez (& Malinche) Montezuma II

  18. The Death of Montezuma II

  19. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

  20. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

  21. The “Columbian Exchange”

  22. Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??

  23. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

  24. Treasuresfrom the Americas!

  25. Economic activity should enhance power of the state (more gold and silver). Mercantilism

  26. Mercantilism An economic policy of the major trading nations from the 16th to the 18th cent… …based on the premise that national wealth and power were best served by increasing exports and collecting precious metals in return. State action, an essential feature of the mercantile system… …used to accomplish its purposes-to sell more than it bought to accumulate bullion and raw materials.

  27. Under a mercantilist policy, a government exercised much control over economic life by… regulating production, encouraging foreign trade, levying duties on imports to gain revenue, making treaties to obtain exclusive trading privileges, and exploiting the commerce of the colonies.

  28. Indian slavery and coercion – Indians paid tribute of gold and silver and worked for almost nothing or nothing. Foundation of economy – Indian labor.

  29. An assignment of Indians who were to serve the Spanish grantee (colonist) with tribute and labor…Indian slavery! Encomienda

  30. Headed by the Viceroy – a noble Social hierarchy based on race Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattoes Encomienda System = Feudal System

  31. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World • Encomiendaor forced labor->Repartimiento • Council of the Indies. • Viceroy. • New Spain and Peru. • STRICT OVERSIGHT!!!

  32. Spanish Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

  33. Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  1542

  34. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

  35. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

  36. The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. • Sugar cane & sugar plantations. • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. • 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries. • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

  37. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

  38. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

  39. African CaptivesThrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

  40. European Empires in the Americas

  41. New Colonial Rivals

  42. Rise of Commercial Capitalism • Demand for luxury goods because now have a world market • 80105 million peoplehigher demandinflation • Role of Potosi silver? • Joint-stock company • “capitalist” entrepreneurs/techniques • Limiting supplies • Fluctuation: Dutch Tulips! (1634)

  43. John Cabot (1497) gave England clai Piracy (1550-1700) vs “privateer” Elizabeth’s “Sea Dogges” Sir Francis Drake Sir Walter Raleigh The English “Transplantations”:

  44. Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”] New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries.

  45. 5. New Patterns of World Trade

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