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1198 Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) calls for new Crusade Fourth Crusade

1198 Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) calls for new Crusade Fourth Crusade 1202 Crusaders gather at Venice 1204 Crusaders take Constantinople, set up Latin Empire there (until 1261). Map Link: Fourth Crusade: < http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H1RtD269aNQ/TiNDMh-mZSI/

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1198 Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) calls for new Crusade Fourth Crusade

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  1. 1198 Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) calls for new Crusade Fourth Crusade 1202 Crusaders gather at Venice 1204 Crusaders take Constantinople, set up Latin Empire there (until 1261)

  2. Map Link: Fourth Crusade: <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H1RtD269aNQ/TiNDMh-mZSI/ AAAAAAAAAB0/tilkVb3Bvn8/s1600/Map+of+the+ fourth+crusade.gif>

  3. 1218 Forces of Fifth Crusade attack Egypt, take Damietta (in 1219) 1221 Muslims defeat Crusaders Al-Kamil (r. 1218-38)

  4. Map Link: Fifth Crusade: <http://domin.dom.edu/faculty/dperry/hist267crusade/calendar/ 13thcentury/images/nile.jpg>

  5. 1215 Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor, 1215-50), takes crusading vow, but delays and is excommunicated 1226 Al-Kamil contacts Frederick 1228 Frederick arrives in Holy Land

  6. Feb 1229 Frederick II negotiates the handover of Jerusalem with al-Kamil Dome of the Rock Aqsa Mosque 17/3/1229 Frederick II crowns self king in Jerusalem 1244 Turks take Jerusalem

  7. Map Link: Frederick II’s Crusade (shaded areas): <http://www.studenthandouts.com/photo_gallery/ Maps/MiddleAges-2.jpg>

  8. June 1249Louis IX of France (r. 1226-70) takes Damietta. Al-Salih (r. 1240-9) dies, but wife Shajar al-Durr conceals his death Feb 1250 Muslims defeat Crusaders, capture Louis IX and temporarily hold him prisoner May 1250 Mamluk takeover in Egypt (rule until 1517) 1260 Mamluks complete conquest of Syria

  9. Map Links: Louis IX in Egypt: <http://domin.dom.edu/faculty/dperry/hist267crusade/calendar/ 13thcentury/louis/images/map-louis.jpg> The Mamluk Takeover: <http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/ mameluke_empire_map.jpg>

  10. 1268 Mamluks take Antioch 1289 Mamluks take Tripoli 1291 Mamluks take Acre

  11. Map Link: Mamluk Sultanate (after Conquests): <http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_NfsdvUxYGkI/SlYDtsdM_FI/ AAAAAAAANgE/A4kTQM7MgAg/s400/Mamluks.JPG>

  12. Criticism of crusading: Innocent III directing Crusades against pagans, heretics (incl. Albigensians, 1209-29), but also political opponents Alternatives: Children’s Crusade (1212), Shepherds’Crusade (1251) Blame of military orders Objections to taxation (e.g. Saladin Tithe)

  13. Attempts at conversion; e.g. 1219 St Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) preaches to al-Kamil

  14. Impact of the Crusades: On bureaucracies On women On Jews On trade and exploration On the Muslim world

  15. St John Ambulance Foundation Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem Knights Hospitaller 22nd July 2011 Anders Behring Breivik kills 77 people in Norway in name of “Knights Templar Europe”

  16. George W. Bush: “This crusade, this war on terrorism is going to take a while.” (16th Sept 2001) 19th c. First histories of Crusades in Middle East Usama ibn Ladin (Osama bin Laden, d. 2011)

  17. Robert of Clari (c. 1180-after 1216) Poor knight on Fourth Crusade - eyewitness Aims to instruct Generally regarded as critical of leaders of the Crusade

  18. Nicetas Choniates (btw. 1155 and 1160-c. 1217) Byzantine statesman and historian Studied in Constantinople. Reached high rank in state administration Emigrated to Nicea after Fourth Crusade

  19. Nicetas Choniates (btw. 1155 and 1160-c. 1217) Chronike Diegesis (chronicle covering 1118-1207) Eyewitness account, but with strong bias (of course)

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