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CONTENTIOUS ISSUES OF DOMESTIC POLICY IN THE ADENAUER ERA

CONTENTIOUS ISSUES OF DOMESTIC POLICY IN THE ADENAUER ERA. European economic integration, launched with the Coal and Steel Community in 1952 and “Common Market” in 1958.

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CONTENTIOUS ISSUES OF DOMESTIC POLICY IN THE ADENAUER ERA

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  1. CONTENTIOUS ISSUES OF DOMESTICPOLICY IN THE ADENAUER ERA • European economic integration, launched with the Coal and Steel Community in 1952 and “Common Market” in 1958. • Co-Determination” [Mitbestimmung], i.e., a “voice” for workers in factory management, introduced in a strong form for the coal, iron, and steel industry in 1951 but only in a weak form for other branches. • Expansion of the welfare state, e.g., with the Pension Reform Law of 1957. • Relaxation of denazification procedures, designed to reintegrate most former Nazis into the political process.

  2. ADENAUER’S POLICY TOWARD THE PAST:LET BYGONES BE BYGONES… 1945-51: West German courts convict 5,500 Nazi criminals, but then the will to prosecute declines. Dec. 1949: First Amnesty Law for all sentenced to up to 1 year for economic crimes and 6 months for other crimes in 1945-49; 792,000 Germans benefit. 1951: New civil service law requires the rehiring of 150,000 dismissed government employees. 1954: Second Amnesty Law pardons most crimes committed during the “time of collapse.” Adenauer’s goal was to ensure that no new party emerged to the right of the CDU/CSU….

  3. ADENAUER’S CANDIDATE FOR PRESIDENT IN 1959:Agriculture Minister Heinrich Lübke (CDU) supervised construction projects for Fritz Todt and Albert Speer at Peenemünde and helped to build concentration camps

  4. Theodor Oberländer, Minister of Refugees, resigned in 1960 after charges of murder in occupied Ukraine Hans Globke, Adenauer’s chief of staff, co-authored the official commentary on the Nuremberg Law on Citizenship

  5. Representatives of Belgium, Luxemburg, Italy, France, West Germany, and the Netherlands sign the European Coal and Steel Community Treaty on April 18, 1951 Headquarters of the ECSC High Authority in Luxemburg

  6. Robert Schuman’s explanation of the ECSC to the French differed from Adenauer’s to the Germans

  7. Adenauer and Italy’s prime minister, Antonio Segni, signing the Treaty of Rome on March 24, 1957, to create the European Economic Community

  8. STEPS TOWARD INTEGRATION1952: ECSC1958: Common Market (EEC)1962: Common Agricultural Policy1979: European parliament elected1993: Creation of “European Union”1999: Monetary union

  9. AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH OF GDP * Refers solely to West Germany.

  10. Ludwig Erhard talks with housewives in a department store

  11. One of countless neighborhoods of inexpensive row housing that sprang up in the 1950s

  12. Riding a Vespa, 1953 The Volkswagen Beetle in 1960

  13. “These days you can’t do without electricity, espresso, and coca cola – but you can do without a cook”

  14. Konrad Adenauer and DGB Chair Hans Böckler in 1946/47. They reached harmonious agreement in 1951 on Montanmitbestimmung and the Schuman Plan.

  15. RIVAL VERSIONS OF CO-DETERMINATION:How many members of the Supervisory Board (Aufsichtsrat) should be elected by the workers,and how many by the share-holders? 1) 1/3 by workers (enacted for most industries in 1952) 2) Parity minus one (enacted by SPD in 1976) 3) Parity co-determination, enacted in 1951 for coal-iron-steel

  16. The CDU and DGB clashed in 1952/53 over the terms of a co-determination law for all industry:Trade union demonstration in Düsseldorf, 1953

  17. “Elect a Better Bundestag”(DGB poster, 1953):“Whoever wants peace and progress, whoever wants freedom and national unification, whoever does NOT want the return of violent dictatorship and war, of terror and nights of bombing raids, they must use their votes to help exclude the forces that want to plunge the German people into disaster for a second time.”

  18. DGB MEMBERSHIP STAGNATION IN THE 1960s(close ties with the SPD did not help recruitment)

  19. “Social Insurance” (1954)

  20. SPENDING ON SOCIAL WELFARE AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP (including old-age pensions, jobless benefits, public health services, and assistance to the needy)

  21. “Go with the times. Go with the SPD”(Balloting at the Godesberg Party Congress, 1959) The SPD still demanded parity co-determi-nation but dropped any demand for nationali-zation or a planned economy.

  22. Voting returns for the CDU and SPD in West German Elections (percentage of national vote)

  23. The East German government suddenly banned all travel to West Berlin on August 13, 1961

  24. Mayor Willy Brandt protests (born as Herbert Frahm, 1913) Building the Wall, 13 August 1961

  25. Brandt narrowed the gap between SPD and CDU when he first ran for the chancellorship in 1961

  26. “The Mister Germany Contest for 1961.”Erhard, Willy Brandt, Franz Josef Strauss of the CSU, and the FDP’s Erich Mende each have their fans, but somehow Adenauer wins the prize.

  27. JFK visits Berlin on June 26, 1963:“Ich bin ein Berliner!”

  28. The Transformation of the SPD(hair cream ad, 1963)

  29. Only in 1963 did Adenauer allow Ludwig Erhard to become Chancellor, while remaining CDU chairman

  30. Erhard led the CDU to a 47.6% electoral rebound in 1965 but was forced to retire soon thereafter

  31. “Is the Economic Miracle Over?”Spiegel cover,January 3, 1966:The FRG experienced its first recession in 1966/67

  32. Partners in the Great Coalition: Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger and Foreign Minister Willy Brandt, June 1968:Brandt secured authorization for Ostpolitik

  33. “Concerted Action:” Representatives of the government, DGB, and big business meet in Bonn, November 9, 1967

  34. “We should not speak for the GDR but with it”(the FDP swings behind Brandt’s foreign policy in 1967).In early 1969 the FDP and SPD elected Gustav Heinemann as President.

  35. Brandt came to power not because he defeated the CDU in the election of 1969, but because Walter Scheel and the FDP changed their coalition policy

  36. Chancellor Willy Brandt honors the dead of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 7 December 1970

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