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PSYC 330: Perception

PSYC 330: Perception . Hearing in the Real World. Parallels to Vision . Similarities Dimensions of sound stimulus Detection at a distance Binocular/Binaural Scene Analysis Determine “figure” and “ground” Source sound, background noise Rules of organization Difference

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PSYC 330: Perception

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  1. PSYC 330: Perception Hearing in the Real World

  2. Parallels to Vision • Similarities • Dimensions of sound stimulus • Detection at a distance • Binocular/Binaural • Scene Analysis • Determine “figure” and “ground” • Source sound, background noise • Rules of organization • Difference • Spatial organization/Temporal Organization

  3. Localization of Sound • Binaural cues • Time • Interaural time difference (ITD) • Medial superior olives • Volume • Interaural level difference (ILD) • Lateral superior olives

  4. The Cone of Confusion

  5. Localization of Sound • Head Related Transfer Function • Pinna, auditory canal alter intensity at different frequencies based upon their shape and angle of entry into pinna • Learned, unique to individual • Explain our ability to localize despite cone of confusion • Explain perceptual experience of earbuds • ITD, ILD “inside head”

  6. Localization of Sound • Monaural Distance Cues • Inverse square law • Relationship between sound intensity and distance to the observer • Small changes very noticable when close to listener and much less noticable further away • Changes in spectral composition of stimulus • Media (air) typically absorb more high frequencies • Doppler effect • Direct versus Reverberant energy • Degree of acoustic “bounce” • Close, less chance of bounce off other objects

  7. Analyzing Complex Sounds • Timbre • Fundamental frequency (root) • Harmonics • Differences in strength of harmonics (root) • Also influenced by acoustics • Absorption of high frequencies with soft surfaces • Enhancement of high frequencies with hard surfaces • Rooms, materials, equalizers • Attack and Decay

  8. Auditory Scene Analysis • How do we separate out individual sounds from the clutter that we hear? • All sounds merge into one complex wave that enters the ear… • Analyze complex wave into simpler components that represent individual sounds (sounds produced by objects in the environment) • Similarities and differences with visual scene analysis

  9. Gestalt rules of Stream Segregation • Similarity • Pitch, Timbre • Spatial location • Movement • Onset • Good continuation/closure • Restoration effects

  10. Analysis of Restoration • Hearing “across the gaps” • Kluender & Jenison (1992) • SDT methodology • Noise vsglide+noise • d’ dropped to 0 • Brain activity in A1 • Applications of restoration effects?

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